Term
|
Definition
3rd of Henry 8’s kids to rule England. Fierce temper, yet graceful. “Virgin Queen.”
§ Resisted pressures to marry for good of England & preservation of her power.
§ 4 troubles: religious conflicts, rival queen, Spanish ambitions, financial difficulty
Religious issues: inherited religious problem from father. Protestantism vs. Catholicism.
§ Decided to establish a state church that moderate Catholics & Protestants might both accept.
§ For Protestants, priests were allowed to marry & deliver sermons in English, not Latin.
§ For Catholics, Church of England kept elements of formal priesthood-rich robes & golden crucifixes.
§ What mattered most to Elizabeth was the loyalty & obedience of her subjects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Declared Elizabeth the Supreme Governor of England’s institutions, its church as well as its state. (Her father, Henry 8, passed the original Act of Supremacy). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Queen of Scots. Elizabeth’s Catholic cousin.
§ Pope & rulers of Spain supported her in her quest to unseat Elizabeth b/c she was Catholic.
§ 1567-fled to England where Elizabeth provided protection the revolt of Presbyterian subjects.
§ 1586-caught plotting to overthrow Elizabeth Ù beheaded.
§ Her death marked the low point of relations between England & Spain. |
|
|
Term
| Elizabeth’s financial problems |
|
Definition
Meager income compared to Spain. House of Commons denied requests.
§ Spain’s wealth came from American colonies.
§ England played little part in exploration Ù thought about building an American empire. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
English business leaders set up special organization to attract capital from many people.
§ Investors bought shares of ownership. If company prospered Ù investors’ shares of ownership entitled them to collect proportional share of profits.
§ Sign that Commercial Revolution (began in Netherlands) had spread to England
§ Most successful: Received charter from queen-1600-British East India Company
o Goal: carve a share of rich East Indies spice trade.
§ Ventures did not enrich queen directly, but strengthened England economically. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
largest invasion force Europe had seen. Assembled by Philip II.
§ Causes: Elizabeth aided Dutch Protestants in revolt against Spain, execution of Mary, & English sea dogs (raided Spanish treasure ships).
§ Invincible Armada: 130 ships, 8,000 sailors, & 20,000 soldiers.
§ Destroyed by skilled English sea captains
§ Spanish arranged ships in tight crescent shaped formation.
§ English had developed fast, maneuverable ships knowing Spanish strategy.
§ English sent 8 unmanned fire ships into Spanish fleet Ù broke the crescent.
§ Outcome: Defeat signaled decline of Spain’s political power.
§ All Europe viewed battle as contest btwn Catholics (Spanish) & Protestants (English).
§ As Spain’s influence declined, England’s power increased.
o English were now free to develop overseas trade & colonize North America.
o Great burst of national pride for English Ù Elizabethan Age.
Elizabethan Era: late 1500s. Golden age economically, politically, & culturally. Center: London. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1564-1616) Poet & dramatist. Best symbolizes England’s golden age.
§ Remarkable understanding of human nature.
§ Poet who understood sound & weight of every word.
§ Most famous plays-1st performed at the Globe. Wrote 38 plays in total. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
of England:
§ Inherited all unsettled problems of Elizabeth’s reign (how much say Parliament had in gov’t)
§ Believed that as king he had absolute authority to govern England as he wanted.
§ Quarrels w/ Parliament: revolved around money. Elizabeth left sizable debt.
§ James needed money & Parliament said no. Felt it was beneath his dignity to bargain for money.
§ Puritans member of Parliament complained that Church of England was too Catholic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
James was very interested in religion & scholarship.
§ Commissioned group of Bible scholars to create single authoritative text b/c found other translations unsatisfactory. First printed in 1611. Still used by English-Protestants today. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
royal power came from God. Kings were answerable only to God, not people or Parliament.
§ Declared by James I. Believed also by Elizabeth I. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
son of James I and 2nd Stuart king to rule England.
§ Inherited & worsened problems w/ Parliament.
§ Firm believer in divine right of kings.
§ 1627-war w/ Spain & France. Charles demanded loans from knights & nobles.
§ 1628-financial needs forced king to call Parliament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
document that Parliament forced Charles to sign if he wanted money.
o Examples of concessions he made: Charles would not imprison subjects w/o due cause.
o Would not force loans or levy taxes w/o consent of Parliament
Next year, tired of Parliament, Charles dissolved it. For 11 yrs, refused to call Parliament.
Resorted to all kinds of fees & fines on English people Ù unpopularity grew. |
|
|
Term
| Charles I’s religious policies angered people more than taxation policies. |
|
Definition
§ During reign, Puritans fled England to escape persecution.
§ William Laud (archbishop) forced Scottish Presbyterians to follow England’s style of worship
§ Scots threatened to invade England to defend their religion.
§ Charles called new Parliament b/c needed money to meet new danger.
§ Charles tried to arrest five of the leaders of the House of Commons Ù angered Londoners Ù fled. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
started by king’s flight to north in 1642. Cavaliers vs. Roundheads.
§ 1646-Oliver Cromwell’s New Model Army defeated king’s forces.
§ 1647-Parliament tried to dissolve New Model Army. Army leaders refused to obey.
o Army & leaders were strongly Puritan. Did not intend to give up control of country.
§ Desperate members of Parliament joined forces w/ king Ù defeated by Cromwell.
§ Cromwell captured Charles in 1648. Surrounded & expelled members of Parliament.
§ 1649-Cromwell & Puritans brought Charles to trial for treason Ù beheaded.
§ Never before had a monarch faced public trial & official execution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
or Royalists: those that remained loyal to King Charles I.
§ English nobles & church officials.
§ At first, had advantage b/c controlled ¾ of country. Had England’s experienced military leaders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Puritan townspeople & Parliament-supporting merchants
§ Had great financial resources b/c made up of Parliament. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oliver Cromwell's military machine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
: military genius. General for the Roundheads. Organized the New Model Army.
§ After Charles I was killed, he was left with power.
§ To set up a new gov’t, drafted a consitution in 1653-the 1st written consitution of a major European nation.
o Set up a republic which Cromwell ruled England as Lord Protector = military dictator
§ Conquered & massacred the Irish. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Men & women who wished to purify the Church of England of practices that they thought were too close to Catholicisim. Hated gold crucifixes & rich robes. Formed strong group in English Parliament.
§ Made up the Roundheads in the English Civil War. Followed the leadership of Cromwell.
§ Came to power when Oliver Cromwell was announced Lord Protector. Reformed English society.
o Shut down theaters, forbade sporting events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Invited by Parliament back to England. A Stuart once again ruled England.
§ Because he restored the monarchy, the period of his rule = the Restoration.
§ Also restored theater, sporting events, dancing, & merrymaking. Theater & arts flourished.
§ Comedy dominated the stage. For 1st time, women appeared on English stage to play female roles.
§ Moderate ruler: did not try to restore idea of divine right of kings.
§ Wanted to give both Puritans & Roman Catholics some religious freedom.
o Parliament opposed. Church of England remained only legal religion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Law passed by Parliament in 1679
§ Gave every prisoner the right to obtain writ or document ordering prisoner brought before judge.
§ Judge then decides if prisoner should be brought to trial or set free.
§ Now not possible for king/queen to put someone in jail simply for opposing ruler
§ Impossible for monarch to hold someone in jail indefinitely w/o trial.
§ Today, remains 1 of most important guarantee of personal freedom. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Charles Brother
Open Catholic Ù this concern led to political parties. Became king in 1685.
§ “Whigs” = James’s opponents. Dedicated to keeping him off throne.
§ “Tories” = James’s supporters who defended king & Catholic brother.
§ James II asserted divine right to rule without Parliament’s consent.
§ Appointed Catholics to high office Ù everybody protested, even the Tories.
§ When his 2nd wife gave birth to son. English Protestants were terrified by the idea of a line of Catholic kings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mary = eldest daughter of James II’s 1st wife. Raised as Protestant.
§ Mary married William of Orange, powerful Protestant prince of Netherlands.
§ Invited by Whigs & Tories to overthrow James II for sake of Protestantism.
§ 1689-Asked by Parliament to rule England as joint sovereigns.
§ Oath they took showed significance of Glorious Revolution.
o Recognized Parliament as leading partner in ruling England. |
|
|
Term
| Glorious/Bloodless Revolution |
|
Definition
William landed on English shores in 1688 & marched to London.
§ Nobody stopped him. With no troops fighting for him, James exiled to France.
§ Peaceful revolution in comparison to Cromwell’s civil war. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
document drafted by Parliament to make clear limits of royal power in 1689.
§ No suspending of Parliament’s laws
§ No levying of taxes w/o specific grant from Parliament
§ No interfering with a member’s freedom of speech in Parliament
§ No standing army to be kept in peacetime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Said there was no such thing as a right to rebel. NO
§ Most famous work: Leviathan
§ Horrors of civil war convinced him that all humans were naturally wicked.
§ Gov’ts were created to protect people from their own selfiness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Having complete power. Hobbes saw this as the best type of gov’t b/c the chief purpose of gov’t was to stop society from falling into disorder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Said people oppressed by gov’t had every right to rebel. YES
§ Believed that people had the gift of reason. Had natural ability to govern themselves.
§ Gov’ts were formed to protect 3 basic human rights: right to life, liberty, & property.
§ If gov’t abused these rights, people were justified in rebelling.
§ 1690-Treatises on Government served to justify overthrow of James II. |
|
|
