Term
| Controlling gene expression is often accomplished by controlling initiation of ______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bind to DNA to either block or stimulate transcription, depending on how they interact w/ RNA polymerase |
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Term
prokaryotic organisms regulate gene expression in response to _______
eukaryotic cells regulate gene expression to maintain _____ in an organism |
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Definition
their environment
homeostasis |
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Term
| gene expression is often controlled by regulatory proteins binding to specific ___ ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| regulatory proteins gain access to the bases of the DNA at the ___ ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| regulatory proteins possess ___-___ motifs |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 Different DNA-binding motifs are: |
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Definition
1. helix-turn-helix
2. homeodomain
3. zinc finger
4. leucine zipper |
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Term
Control of transcription initiation
positive control:
negative control:
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Definition
positive control: increases transcription when activators bind DNA
negative control: reduces transcription when repressors bind to DNA regulatory regions called operators |
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Term
| Genes involved in the same metabolic pathway are organized in ___ |
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Definition
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Term
Some operons are ____ when the metabolic pathway is needed
Some operons are _____ when the metabolic pathway is no longer needed |
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Definition
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Term
- lac operon contains genes for ....
- regulatory regions of the lac operon include ....
- the coding region contains genes for what 3 enzymes?
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Definition
- the use of lactose as an energy source
- CAP/CRP binding site, promoter, and operator
- (Beta)-galactosidase
permease
transacetylase
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Term
lac operon is _____ regulated by repressor protein:
- lac repressor binds to the ____ to block transcription
- in the presence of lactose, an ____ molecule binds to the repressor protein
- repressor can no longer bind to the operator
- ____ proceeds
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Definition
negatively regulated
- operator
- inducer
- transcription proceeds
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Term
| in the presence of glucose and lactose, bacteria cells prefer to use ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| glucose prevents the induction of the ___ ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| binding of the ___- ____ complex to the CAP binding site is required for the induction of the lac operon. |
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Definition
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Term
| high glucose levels cause (high/low) cAMP levels, which leads to (induction/no induction). |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| genes for the biosynthesis of tryptophan |
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Term
| trp operon is NOT expressed when the cell contains (sufficient/insufficient) amounts of _____. |
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Definition
| sufficient amounts of tryptophan |
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Term
The trp operon is (positively/negatively) regulated by the trp repressor protein:
- trp repressor binds to the ____ to block transcription
- This binding also requires a ___
- low levels of ____ prevent the repressor from binding
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Definition
negatively
- operator
- corepressor (which is tryptophan)
- tryptophan
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Term
| controlling the expression of eukaryotic genes requires ____ ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| general transcription factorsare required for ___ ___ |
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Definition
transcription initiation
(the proper binding of RNA polymerase to DNA) |
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Term
| specific transcription factors .... |
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Definition
| increase transcription in certain cells or in response to signals |
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Term
| What's in a core promoter for eukaryotes? |
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Definition
RNA polymerase II
TATA box
transcription factors (TFII-A,B,D,E,F,H)
TAF's |
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Term
In eukaryotic transciption:
- transcription factors bind to the ____ region of the gene
- RNA pol II then binds to the promoter to begin transciption at the ___ ___.
- Enhancers are ...
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Definition
- promoter
- start site (+1)
- DNA sequences to which specific transcription factors (activators) bind to increase the rate of transcription.
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Term
| coactivators and mediators are required for ... |
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Definition
function of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.
(They bind to transcription factors and bind to other parts of the transcription apparatus) |
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Term
Eukaryotic DNA is packaged into ___
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Definition
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Term
| chromatin structure is directly related to the control of __ __ |
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Definition
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Term
| chromatin structure begins with the organization of DNA into ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Nucleosomes may block ___ ___ __ from gaining access to promoters |
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Definition
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Term
| Methylation of DNA or histone proteins is associated with ... |
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Definition
| the control of gene expression |
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Term
| clusters of methylated cytosine nucleotides bind to a protein that prevents _____ from binding to DNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| methylated histone proteins are associated with ____ regions of chromatin |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you add to histone tails to remodel the solenoid to be accessible for transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
Other types of control:
- posttranscriptional:
- translational:
- posttranslational:
(list examples, not definitions) |
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Definition
- posttranscriptional: control of mRNA transport from the nucleus; alternative splicing (control of the codes for the protein)
- translational: how often/ how long anmRNA is translated (control of how protein is made)
- posttranslational: selective degredation of protein chemical modification of protein (control of proteins that are already made)
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