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A change in genotypes due to assimilation of foreign DNA
[image] |
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| Viruses used for genetic research |
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| States that in any species there is an equal number of A and T bases, and an equal number of G and C bases |
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| A form of replication during which each old strand synthesises a new strand, so that each daughter strand is bonded with a parent strand |
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| A form of DNA synthesis in which the two parent strands bond together and the two daughter strands bond together |
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| A form of DNA synthesis in which every strand is a mix of old and new |
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Special sites on the DNA molecule where the two strands are seperated, opening up a replication "bubble"
A eukaryotic chromosome may have hundreds or even thouands of origins of replication
Proceeds in both directions until the entire molecule is copied
[image] |
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| A Y shaped region where new DNA strands are elongating [image] |
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Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks
[image] |
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| Single-Strand Binding Protein |
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| A protein in DNA synthesis that binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it can be used as a template [image] |
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| An enzyme in DNA synthesis that corrects "overwinding" ahead of the replication forks by breaking, swivelling, and rejoining DNA strands [image] |
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The initial nucleotide strand that nucleotides can build off
Is essential because DNA polymerases cannot initiate synthesis of a polynucleotide, they can only add nucleotides to the 3' end
Is short (5-10 nucleotides long)
[image] |
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| An enzyme in DNA synthesis that can start an RNA chain from scratch and adds RNA nucleotudes one at a time using the parental DNA as a template [image] |
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Catalyze the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork
Most require a primer and a DNA template strand [image] |
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| Each nucleotide that is added to a growing DNA strand is known as a _______ |
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(deoxyadenosine triphosphate)
A form of adeonsine triphosphate that supplies adenine to DNA
Is similar to the ATP of energy metabolism
Difference is in their sugars, dATP has deoxyribose and ATP has ribose
As each monomer of dATP joins the DNA strand, it loses two phosphate groups and a pyrophosphate
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The term that explains the direction of human DNA replication
DNA polymerases add nucleotides only to the free 3' end of the growing strand, therefore, a new DNA strand can eongate only in the 3' direction |
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The strand of DNA in DNA synthesis that moves towards the replication fork
[image] |
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The other strand of DNA in DNA synthesis than the leading strand
Work in the direction away from the replication fork
Synthesized at a series of segments called Okazaki fragments who are joined by DNA ligase [image] |
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Short, newly synthesized fragments of DNA that are formed by the lagging strands
Are joined together by DNA ligase
[image] |
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| The enzyme that binds together the Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand |
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| A form of DNA polymerase that uses the parental DNA as a template to synthesize new DNA by covalently adding nucleotides to the 3' end of a pre-existing DNA strand or RNA primer |
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| A form of DNA polymerase that removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5' ebnd and replaces them with DNA molecules |
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| The DNA Replication Machine |
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The proteins that participate in DNA replication as a whole
Is stationary during the replication process
DNA plymerases "reel in" parental DNA and "extrude" newly made DNA molecules |
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The process in which enzymes repair sections of DNA improperly switched during replication
DNA can be damaged by chemicals, radioactive emissions, X-rays, UV lights, and certain molecules (ex: cigarette smoke)
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| Nucleotide Excision Repair |
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| A nuclease cuts and replaces damaged stretches of DNA[image] |
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Nucleotide sequences at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes
Do not prevent the shortening of DNA molecules, but they do postpone the erosion of genes near the ends of DNA molecules
It has been proposed that shortening telomeres is connected to aging |
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| An enzy,e that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres |
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| The region of bacteria where the DNA is "supercoiled" |
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| A complex of DNA and proteins that is found in the nucleus of eukaryotes |
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| Proteins that are responsible for the first level of DNA packaging in chromatin [image] |
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A fiber in chromatin
DNA unwinds around histones to form nucleosome "beads"
Nucleosomes are strung together like beads on a string by linker DNA |
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A fiber in chromatin that is created by interactions between nucleosomes, causing the thinner fibers to fold into this thicker fiber
Are looped domains that attach to proteins [image] |
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| Fibers in chromatin formed by bundled 30-nm fibers [image] |
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The formation of even further coiled 300nm fibers in the chromosome
The width of a chromatid is 700nm
Most chromatin is loosely packed in the nucleus during interphase and condenses prior to mitosis |
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Highly condensed regions of chromatin that occurs during interphase
Dense packing of the heterochromatin makes it difficult for the cell to express genetic information coded in these regions |
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