Term
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Definition
| STREAMS THAT FLOW ALL YEAR LONG |
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Term
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Definition
| STREAMS THAT HAVE WATER FOR A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME |
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Term
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Definition
| THE GEOGRAPHICAL AREA THAT CONTRIBUTES GROUNDWATER AND RUNOFF TO ANY PARTICULAR STREAM. THE AREA DRAINED BY A DRAINAGE SYSTEM. THIS IS THE CHANENELS, TRUNK STREAMS AND ITS TRIBUTARIES |
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Term
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Definition
| AN AREA OF RAISED LAND THAT FORMS A SEPARATING LINE BETWEEN TWO ADJACENT DRAINAGE BASINS |
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Term
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Definition
| THE PRIMARY STREAM OF A DRAINAGE BASIN |
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Term
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Definition
| A STREAM OR RIVER THAT FLOWS INTO A LARGER STREAM OR RIVER |
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Term
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Definition
| TOPOGRAPHIC HIGH POINTS IN A DRAINAGE BASIN THAT SEPARATE ONE TRIBUTARY FROM ANOTHER. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE PLACE WHERE TWO STREAMS JOIN TOGETHER |
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Term
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Definition
| A BRANCHING,TREE-LIKE DRAINAGE PATTERN EVOLVES IN AREAS OF UNIFORM ROCK RESISTANCE AND STRUCTURE, WITH LITTLE DISTORTION BY FOLDING OR FAULTING. THE STREAMS DEVELOP A RANDOM BRANCHING NETWORK SIMILAR TO A TREE |
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Term
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Definition
| A RECTANGULAR DRAINAGE PATTERN OCCURS WHEN JOINTS AND FAULTS STEER STREAMS AT RIGHT ANGLES TO ONE ANOTHER. THIS PATTERN OCCURS BECAUSE WATER FLOWS PREFERENTIALLY TO THESE ZONES OF WEAKENED BEDROCK WHERE THE WATER MORE FREELY ERODES. THE DRAINAGE PATTERN IN ANGULAR |
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Term
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Definition
| A TRELLIS DRAINAGE PATTERN IS A SYSTEM OF STREAMS THAT DEVELOPS IN AREAS SUCH AS THE RIDGE AND VALLEY PROVINCE IN THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS WHERE ROCKS ARE FOLDED. IN THIS AREA, MAJOR STREAMS TEND TO FLOW PARALLEL TO ONE ANOTHER IN ADJACENT VALLEYS WITHIN THE FOLDED MOUNTAIN BELTS. MINOR TRIBUTARIES FLOW INTO LARGER STREAMS AT RIGHT ANGLES. |
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Term
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Definition
| IN A RADIAL DRAINAGE PATTERN, STREAMS RADIATE OUTWARD FROM A CENTRAL POINT, FORMING A SPOKE-LIKE PATTERN OF RIVERS. THIS KIND OF PATTERN TENDS TO EVOLVE WHERE STREAMS FLOW AWAY FROM ROUNDED UPLAND AREAS SUCH AS A VOLCANO. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE MEASURE OF STREAM CHANNEL LENGTH PER UNIT AREA OF DRAINAGE BASIN. |
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Term
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Definition
| CLASSIFIES THE HIERARCHY OF CHANNELS IN A DRAINAGE BASIN. STREAM ORDER CHANGES ONLY WHERE TWO STREAMS OF THE SAME ORDER MERGE. THERE IS A POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STREAM SIZE AND STREAM ORDER. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE STUDY OF FLOWING WATER ON THE EARTH'S SURFACE AND FOCUSES ON THE GEOMETRICAL ATTRIBUTES, OR HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY, OF RIVER CHANNELS. |
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Term
HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY
STREAM DISCHARGE
Q=W x D x V |
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Definition
CHARACTERIZES THE CROSS-SECTIONAL COMPONENTS OF ANY GIVEN STREAM'S CHANNEL FORM BY MEASURING THESE SIMPLE VARIABLES. W=WIDTH D=DEPTH V=VELOCITY (HOW FAST THE WATER IS MOVING) S=SLOPE (HOW STEEP THE SLOPE [ALSO CALLED GRADIENT] IS ON WHICH THE STREAM IS FLOWING) Q=DISCHARGE (SHOW MUCH WATER IS FLOWING IN THE CHANNEL)
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Term
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Definition
| THE AMOUNT OF STREAM DISCHARGE AT ANY GIVEN PLACE AND TIME THAT IS SOLELY THE PRODUCT OF GROUNDWATER SEEPAGE |
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Term
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Definition
| THE AMOUNT OF DISCHARGE AT WHICH THE STREAM CHANNEL IS FULL. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF STREAM DISCHARGE OVER A PERIOD OF TIME. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE LEVEL AT WHICH STREAM DISCHARGE BEGINS TO SPILL OUT OF THE CHANNEL INTO THE SURROUNDING AREA. |
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Term
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Definition
| SMALL DRAINAGE CHANNELS THAT ARE CUT INTO HILL SLOPES BY RUNNING WATER. |
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Term
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Definition
| CREATED WHERE MORE POWERFUL WATER FLOWS CAN CARRY SEDIMENT AWAY, AS ON A STEEP HILL SLOPE. |
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Term
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Definition
| EROSION OCCURS BECAUSE LARGE RAINDROPS CREATE A SMALL CRATER WHEN THEY IMPACT ON BARE SOIL. |
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Term
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Definition
| CONSTRUCTED THROUGH ACCUMULATION OF SEDIMENT WHEN POWER TO CARRY SEDIMENT LESSENS, AS ON A LEVEL FLOODPLAIN. |
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Term
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Definition
| MOST ACTIVE ON UNVEGETATED SLOPES AND BEGINS WITH A PROCESS CALLED SPLASH EROSION, CAUSED BY RAINDROPS. |
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Term
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Definition
| FIRST BEGINS TO ERODE HILL SLOPES IN RILLS. AS RILLS COALESCE AND ENLARGE, THEY FORM TRENCH-LIKE FEATRUES CALLED GULLIES, WHICH EVENTUALLY BROADEN INTO CANYONS. |
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Term
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Definition
| MINERAL IONS THAT ARE CARRIED IN SOLUTION AND ARE INVISIBLE DURING TRANSPORT IN A MANNER SIMILAR TO DISSOLVED SUGAR IN WATER. |
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Term
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Definition
| SEDIMENT THAT FLOATS ALONG IN THE STREAM. THIS LOAD USUALLY CONSISTS OF CLAYS AND SILTS THAT ARE HELD UP WITHIN THE WATER BY TURBULENCE, WHICH MEANS THAT 6THE WATER FLOWS IN A VERY IRREGULAR AND DISORDERLY WAY. |
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Term
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Definition
| LARGER PARTICLES SUCH AS SAND AND GRAVEL THAT ROll, SLIDE OR BOUNCE ALONG THE CHANNEL BED IN A PROCESS CALLED SALTATION. THIS FORM OF TRANSPORT DOMINATES IN MOUNTAIN STREAMS WHERE SLOPES ARE STEEP AND STREAM VELOCITY IS HIGH. |
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Term
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Definition
| A RIVER OR SMALL STREAM THAT CURVES BACK AND FORTH ACROSS ITS VALLEY. GENERALLY CONSISTS OF A SINGLE CHANNEL THAT WINDS BACK AND FORTH ACROSS THE LANDSCAPE. |
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Term
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Definition
| A NETWORK OF CONVERGING AND DIVERGING STREAM CHANNELS WITHIN AN INDIVIDUAL STREAM SYSTEM THAT ARE SEPARATED FROM EACH OTHER BY DEPOSITS OF SAND AND GRAVEL. CONSIST OF A MAZE OF WIDE, SHALLOW CHANNELS BECAUSE THE DOMINANT SEDIMENT LOAD IS SAND AND GRAVEL. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE PROGRESSIVE ACCUMULATION OF SEDIMENT ALONG OR WITHIN A STREAM. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE TOPOGRAPHIC LOWERING OF A STREAM CHANNEL BY STREAM EROSION. |
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Term
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Definition
| A STREAM THAT IS CAPABLE OF TRANSPORTING THE AVERAGE SEDIMENT LOAD PROVIDED TO IT OVER TIME. |
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Term
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Definition
| A GRAPH THAT ILLUSTRATES THE CHANGE IN STREAM GRADIENT IN CROSS SECTION ALONG A STREAM FROM ITS SOURCE TO ITS MOUTH. |
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Term
| EVOLUTION OF A GRADED STREAM PROFILE |
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Definition
| FOLLOWING LANDSCAPE UPLIFT, THE STREAM PROFILE IS VERY UNEVEN. IT GRADUALLY SMOOTHS INTO AN IDEAL LONGITUDINAL PROFILE. FROM THE THIS POINT FORWARD, THE GRADIENT OF THE CHANNEL PROGRESSIVELY LOWERS. A MAJOR CONTROL OF STREAM BEHAVIOR IS BASE LEVEL, WHICH IS THE POINT AT WHICH A STREAM SLOWS INTO THE OCEAN, LAKE,OR ANOTHER STREAM. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE LOWEST LEVEL AT WHICH A STREAM CAN NO LONGER LOWER ITS BED, BECAUSE IT FLOWS INTO THE OCEAN, A LAKE, OR ANOTHER STREAM. |
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Term
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Definition
| A PORTION OF AN ABANDONED STREAM CHANNEL THAT IS CUT OFF FROM THE REST OF THE STREAM BY THE MEANDERING PROCESS AND IS FILLED WITH STAGNANT WATER. |
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Term
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Definition
| A SMALL RIDGE THAT DEVELOPS ALONG THE CHANNEL OF A STREAM THROUGH THE DEPOSITION OF RELATIVELY COARSE SEDIMENT WHEN FLOODING OCCURS. |
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Term
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Definition
| MARSH FLOODPLAIN LANDFORMS THAT DEVELOP BEHIND NATURAL LEVEES IN WHICH FINE-GRAINED SEDIMENTS SETTLE AFTER A FLOOD. |
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Term
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Definition
| A LEVEL, STEP-LIKE LANDFORM THAT FORMS WHEN A STREAM ERODES ITS BED SO THAT AN ESSENTIALLY HORIZONTAL SURFACE IS RAISED RELATIVE TO THE CHANNEL. |
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Term
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Definition
| SEDIMENT DEPOSITED BY A STREAM |
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Term
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Definition
| A FAN-SHAPED LANDFORM OF LOW RELIEF THAT FORMS WHERE A STREAM FLOWS OUT OF AN AREA OF HIGH RELIEF INTO A BROAD, OPEN PLAIN WHERE THE GRADIENT IS LESS AND DEPOSITION OCCURS. |
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Term
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Definition
| A LOW, LEVEL PLAIN THAT DEVELOPS WHERE A STREAM FLOWS INTO A RELATIVELY STILL BODY OF WATER SO THAT ITS VELOCITY DECREASES AND ALLUVIAL DEPOSITION OCCURS. |
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Term
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Definition
| FORM WHEN THE SLOPE OF A GRADE, MEANDERING STREAM IS INCREASED THROUGH EXTENSIVE REGIONAL UPLIFT, BASE LEVEL DROP, OR CLIMATE CHANGE. |
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Term
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Definition
| AN ENGINEERED STRUCTURE ALONG A RIVER THAT EFFECTIVELY RAISES THE HEIGHT OF THE RIVER BANK AND THUS CONFINES FLOOD DISCHARGE. |
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Term
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Definition
| A BARRIER THAT BLOCKS OR RESTRICTS THE DOWNSTREAM MOVEMENT OF A STREAM. |
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Term
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Definition
| APPLIES TO A TRUNK STREAM, A LARGER STREAM THAT OTHER STREAMS FLOW INTO. |
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Term
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Definition
| INCLUDES A RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES. ALSO REFERRED TO AS A DRAINAGE NETWORK. |
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Term
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Definition
| SEPARATES AREAS THAT ARE DRAINED TOWARD THE PACIFIC TOWARD THE WEST FROM AREAS THAT ARE DRAINED TOWARD THE GULF AND ATLANTIC TOWARD THE EAST. |
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Term
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Definition
| CONCAVE UP PROFILE. ONE THAT TRANSPORTS ALL OF THE MATERIAL THAT IT ERODES. THE AMOUNT OF SEDIMENT GOING INTO THE STREAM EQUALS THE AMOUNT BEING TRANSPORTED BY THE STREAM. |
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Term
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Definition
THE LEVEL BELOW WHICH A STREAM CANNOT ERODE ITS BED. THIS IS SEA LEVEL. A BASE LEVEL IS KNOWN AS A NICKPOINT. THE KNICKPOINT WILL SLOWLY MIGRATE UPSTREAM AS IT IS UNDERCUT. THE WATER WILL ERODE THE WEAKER ROCK AND CAUSE THE MORE RESISTANT ROCK TO BREAK OFF AND THEY EVENTUALLY MOVE UPSTREAM.
I.E. NIAGARA FALLS |
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Term
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Definition
| SIMILAR TO A DENDRITIC EXCEPT THE TRIBUTAIRES GENERALLY ARE PARALLEL TO THE TRUNK STREAMS. THE TRIBUTARIES COMING IN AT A MUCH SMALLER ANGLE. |
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Term
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Definition
| WHERE ON STREAM ERODES, STREAM NETWORKS GROW BY THE TRIBUTARIES GETTING LONGER CALLED HEADWARD EROSION. |
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Term
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Definition
| THERE IS NO CLEAR PATTERN. CHAOTIC, STREAMS ARE FLOWING IN CRAZY DIRECTIONS, INTERSECTING. TYPCAL OF KARST AREAS WHERE THE BEDROCK IS SOLUBLE. |
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Term
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Definition
| SIMPLEST TYPE. INDICATES STRUCTURAL CONTROL. A FAULT OR A JOINT UNDERNEATH OR SOME TYPE OF CONFIGURATION OF THE BEDROCK FORCING IT TO STAY STRAIGHT LIKE THAT. STREAMS TEND TO CURVE IF THERE IS NO CLASTIC LOAD. |
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Term
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Definition
| A VERY WIDE AND SHALLOW CHANNEL WITH A LOT OF BRAIDED BARS, OR SANDBARS. LOTS OF VARIABLE DISCHARGE AND THE SANDBARS ARE EPHEMERAL. SHORT LIVED AND CONSTANTLY BEING REWORKED AND SHIFTED AROUND. |
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Term
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Definition
| MULTIPLE CHANELS THAT INTERSECT AND INTERCONNECT. NOT VERY COMMON. OCCUR IN AREAS THAT HAVE A TUNDR IN NORTHERN LATITUDES WHRE FREEZE-THAW ACTIVITIES PLAY A ROLE IN THE LANDSCAPE. |
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Term
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Definition
| NARROW AND DEEP MOST COMMON TYPE. WINDS LATERALLY ACROSS ITS VALLEY AND IS CHARACTERIZED BY POINT BARS ON THE INSIDE OF THE BEND AND ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE BEND IS A CUT BANK, A VERY STEEP BANK. |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrologic term for any tributary stream that runs parallel to, and within the floodplain of, a larger river that the stream eventually joins. Where the two meet is known as a belated confluence or deferred junction. This is especially when such a stream is forced to flow along the base of the main stream's natural levee |
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Term
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Definition
| a very steep and broad hill or small cliff, frequently next to a river or ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| is a natural or artificial slope or wall to regulate water levels. It is usually earthen and often parallel to the course of a river or the coast. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the section of a floodplain where deposits of fine silts and clays settle after a flood. Backswamps usually lie behind a stream's natural levees. |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical confine of a river, slough or ocean strait consisting of a bed and banks. |
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Term
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Definition
| A SLOW MOVING MASS OF DENSE ICE |
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Term
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Definition
| THE COMPACT, GRANULAR SUBSTANCE THAT IS THE TRANSITION STAGE BETWEEN SNOW AND GLACIAL ICE. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE GEOGRAPHICAL REGION WHERE SNOW ACCUMULATES AND FEEDS THE GROWTH OF A GLACIER |
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Term
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Definition
| THE PART OF A GLACIER WHERE MELTING EXCEEDS SNOW ACCUMULATION. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE PLACE ON A GLACIER WHERE SNOW ACCUMULATION AND MELTING ARE IN BALANCE. |
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Term
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Definition
| A DEEP CRACK IN A GLACIER. |
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Term
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Definition
| A LARGE ICE MASS IN MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS THAT IS APPROXIMATELY CIRCULAR IN FORM. |
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Term
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Definition
| A LARGE ICE MASS IN MOUNTANOUS REGIONS THAT IS GENERALLY LINEAR IN FORM |
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Term
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Definition
| A GLACIER IN MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS THAT FLOWS DOWN PRE-EXISTING VALLEYS. |
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Term
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Definition
| A BOWL-LIKE DEPRESSION THAT SERVES AS A SOURCE AREA FOR SOME ALPINE GLACIERS. |
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Term
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Definition
| AN ENORMOUS BODY OF ICE THAT COVERS A SIGNIFICANT PART OF A LARGE LANDMASS |
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Term
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Definition
| AN EROSIONAL PROCESS CAUSED BY THE GRINDING ACTION OF A GLACIER ON ROCK. |
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Term
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Definition
| SCRATCHES IN ROCK PRODUCED BY GLACIAL ABRASION |
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Term
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Definition
| DEEP FURROWS IN ROCK PRODUCED BY GLACIAL ABRASION. |
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Term
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Definition
| AN EROSIONAL PROCESS BY WHICH ROCKS ARE RIPPED OUT OF THE GROUND BY A GLACIER. |
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Term
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Definition
| LARGE BOULDERS THAT HAVE BEEN PLUCKED AND TRANSPORTED A GREAT DISTANCE BEFORE THEY ARE DEPOSITED. |
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Term
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Definition
| A LANDFORM PRODUCED BY GLACIAL ABRASION AND PLUCKING THAT HAS A SHALLOW SLOPE ON ONE SIDE AND A STEEP SLOPE ON THE OTHER SIDE. |
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Term
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Definition
| A SMALL LAKE THAT FORMS WITHIN A GLACIAL CIRQUE. |
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Term
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Definition
| A SHARP RIDGE THAT FORMS BETWEEN TWO GLACIAL CIRQUES. |
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Term
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Definition
| A MOUNTAIN WITH THREE OR MORE ARETES ON ITS FLANKS. |
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Term
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Definition
| A DEEP, U-SHAPED VALLEY CARVED BY AN ALPINE GLACIER. |
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Term
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Definition
| AN ELEVATED U-SHAPED VALLEY (WITH RESPECT TO A GLACIAL TROUGH)FORMED BY A TRIBUTARY ALPINE GLACIER. |
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Term
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Definition
| SEDIMENT DEPOSITED INDIRECTLY OR DIRECTLY BY A GLACIER. |
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Term
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Definition
| SEDIMENT DEPOSITED DIRECTLY BY A GLACIER. |
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Term
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Definition
| A WINDING RIDGE-LIKE FEATURE THAT FORMS AT THE FRONT OR SIDE OF A GLACIER OR BETWEEN TWO GLACIERS. |
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Term
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Definition
| A STREAMLINED LANDFORM CREATED WHEN A GLACIER DEFORMS PREVIOUSLY DEPOSITED TILL. |
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Term
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Definition
| SEDIMENT DEPOSITED BY MELTWATER STREAMS EMANATING FROM A GLACIER. |
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Term
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Definition
| A BROAD LANDSCAPE OF LIMITED RELIEF CREATED BY THE DEPOSITION OF GLACIAL OUTWASH. |
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Term
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Definition
| A LARGE MOUND OF SEDIMENT DEPOSITED ALONG THE FRONT OF A SLOWLY MELTING OR STATIONARY GLACIER. |
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Term
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Definition
| A WINDING RIDGE FORMED BY A STREAM THAT FLOWS BENEATH A GLACIER. |
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Term
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Definition
| A LAKE THAT FORMS WHEN A BLOCK OF ICE FALLS OFF OF THE GLACIAL FRONT, IS BURIED BY GLACIAL DRIFT, AND THEN MELTS, FORMING A DEPRESSION THAT FILLS WITH WATER. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE CONTINENTAL GLACIER THAT COVERED EASTERN CANADA AND PARTS OF THE NORTHEASTERN U.S. DURING THE PLEISTOCENE EPOCH. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE ICE CAP THAT COVERED MUCH OF THE MOUNTAINS IN THE NORTHWESTERN PART OF NORTH AMERICA DURING THE PLEISTOCENE EPOCH. |
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Term
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Definition
| PERIODS OF TIME THAT HAVE DISTINCT 0-18/O-16 RATIOS, WHICH ARE USED TO RECONSTRUCT PREHISTORIC CLIMATE CHANGE. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE THEORY THAT BEST EXPLAINS PLEISTOCENE GLACIAL/INTERGLACIAL CYCLES THROUGH LONG-TERM VARIATIONS IN THE EARTH'S ORBITAL ECCENTRICITY, TILT, AND AXIAL PRECESSION. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE SUITE OF PROCESSES INVOLVING FROST ACTION, PERMAFROST, AND GROUND ICE THAT OCCURS IN ARCTIC ENVIRONMENTS OR ALONG THE MARGINS OF ICE SHEETS. |
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Term
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Definition
| DISTINCT ZONES OF FROZEN WATER THAT OCCUR IN PERMAFROST REGIONS. |
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