Term
| Beadle and Tatum Experiment |
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Definition
1.Showed us that genes specified enzymes
2. Used Fungus
3. Used x-ray to damage DNA in fungus
4. Mutated gene correlated with enzymes
5. One gene- one enzyme hypothesis
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Term
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| genetic code consisted of a series fo blocks of info called codons, which corresponded to amino acid in the encoded protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Some amino acids are specified by more than one codon |
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Term
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Definition
| AUG, indicates the beginning of mRNA translation |
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Term
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Definition
| UAA, UAG, UGA that indicate the point at which mRNA translation is to be terminated |
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Term
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Definition
| The amino acids encoded by all 64 possible codons were determined by nirenberg |
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Term
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Definition
The series of nucleotides read in sets of 3
Only one reading frame is correct for encoding the correct sequence of amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
stand of the DNA double helix used to make RNA
3'→5' |
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Term
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Definition
| Stand of DNA that is complementary to the template strand |
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Term
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Definition
the enzyme that synthesizes RNA from the DNA template
3' GCCAT 5'
5' CGGTA 3'
5' CGGUA 3' |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Carries info from DNA that encodes proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| is a structural component of the ribosome. It never needs to be made into protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Carries amino acids to the ribosomes for translation |
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Term
| Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA) |
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Definition
| Are involved in processing pre-mRNA |
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Term
| Signal recognition particle RNA (SRP) |
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Definition
| is composed of protein and RNA and involved in directing mRNA to the RER |
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Term
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Definition
| are very small and their role is not clear yet |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA polymerase identifies where to begin transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA polymerase stops transcription when it encounters terminators in the DNA sequence |
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Term
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Definition
During elongation, the bubble moves down the DNA template at a rate of 50 nucleotides/sec.
Consists of:RNA polymerase, DNA template, Growing RNA transcript |
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Term
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Definition
| G-C region forms a double-stranded stem whith a single-stranded loop called hairpin. The stretch of U's form a less stable RNA-DNA hybrid that falls off the enzyme. mRNA hairpin ccauses RNA polymerase to pause placing it directly over the run of 4 Uracils |
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Term
| Prokaryotes-Transcription & Translation |
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Definition
| Are oftened coupled, occuring at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of: DNA Sequence for the binding of RNA polymerase, The start site (+1) the first base to be transcribed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Transcribes mRNA & some snRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Transcribes tRNA & some other small RNA's |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that act to bind RNA polymerase to the promoter and initaite transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| 5' end of an mRNA consisting of methylated GTP attatched by a 5' to 5' bond. The cap protects this end form degradation and is involved in the initiation of translation |
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Term
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Definition
| A series fo 1-200 adenine residues added to the 3' end of an mRNA; the tail appears to enhance the stability of the mRNA by protecting it from degradation |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of mRNA as transcribed from DNA that is removed by enzymes before the mature mRNA is translated into protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Is organelle responsible for removing introns and splicing exons together |
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Term
| snRNP's (small ribonucleoprotein particles) |
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Definition
| within the spiceosome recognize the intron-exon boundaries |
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Term
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Definition
| Introns are non-coded sequences and exons are sequences that will be translated |
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Term
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Definition
| mRNA, tRNA, and ribosome come together |
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Term
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Definition
| tRNA's bring amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into the polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribosome encounters a stop codon and releases polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into a polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains 3 nucleotides complementary to mRNA codons |
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Term
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Definition
| the 3' end of a tRNA molecule the portion that amino acids become attatched to during the tRNA charing reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| allows less stringent pairing between the 3' base of the codon and the 5' base fo the anticodon |
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Term
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Definition
| is the enzymatic component of the ribosome which forms peptide bonds between amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| binds the tRNA attached to the growing peptide chain |
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Term
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Definition
| binds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| binds the tRNA that carried the last amino acid |
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Term
Mutations
Base substitution mutations |
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Definition
| Substitute one base for another |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Mutations
Frameshift mutations |
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Definition
| caused by insertion or deletion of a single base |
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Term
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Definition
| change the structure of a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| A base substitution mutation that results in the alteration of a single amino acid |
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