A substance that tends to inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms. 

(an-tih-SEP-tik)

The presence of excessive amounts of waste products of metabolism (nitrogenous compunds) in teh blood caused by failure of the kidneys to remove urea from the blood.

Is characteristic of uremia. 

(azz-oh-TEE-mee-ah)

The cup-shaped end of a renal trubule containing a glomerulus; 

also called glomerular capsule

The cup-shaped division of the renal pelvis through which urine passes from the renal tubules. 

(KAY-liks)

An instrument used to view the interior of teh bladder. 

It consits of an outer sheath with a lightening system, a scope for viewing, and a passage for catheters and devices used in surgical procedures;

may also be referred to as a "cysto"

(SISS-toh-skohp)

Solution that contaisn water and electrolyes that passes through the artificial kidney to remove excess fluids and wastes from teh blood; 

also called "bath"

(dye-AL-ih-SATY)

The process of removing waste products from the blood when the kidneys are unable to do so. 

Hemodialysis invovles passing the blood through an artificial kidney for filtering out impurities. 

Peritoneal dialysis invovles introducing fluid into the abdomen through a catheter. 

Through the process of osmosis, this flid draws waste products out of the capillaries into the abdominal cavity. It is then removed from the abdomen via a catheter. 

(dye-AL-ih-sis)

A hollow or depression, especially on teh surface of the end of a bone. In kidney transplantation, the donor kidney is surgically placed in the iliac fossa of the recipient. 

(FOSS-ah)

Substances that filter out of the blood through the thin walls of the glomeruli. 

example: water, sugar, salts, and nitrogenous waste products such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid. 

(glom-AIR-yoo-lar FILL-trayt)

A ball-shaped collection of very tiny coiled and intertwined capillaries, located in teh cortex of the kidney. 

(glom-AIR-yoo-lus)

The depression, or pit, of an organ where the vessels and nerves enter. 

(HIGH-lum)

The distension of the ureter with urine due to blockage from an obstruction. 

(high-droh-yoo-REE-ter)

An opening or tunnel through any part of the body, as in the urinary meatus, which is the external opening of the urethra. 

(mee-AY-tus)

The act of eliminating urine from the bladder; 

also called voiding or urination

A kidney stone;

also called a renal calculus

(nef-roh-lith-EYE-ah-sis)

Distinguishable by touch

(PAL-pah-b'l)

A specific serous membrane that covers the entire abdominal wall of the body and is reflected over the contained viscera; the inner lining of the abdominal cavity. 

(pair-ih-ton-NEE-um)

Inflammation of the peritoneum (the membrane lining the abdominal cavity) 

(pair-ih-ton-EYE-tis)

Inflammation of the renal pelvis

(pye-eh-LYE-tis)

Not permitting the passage of X-rays or other radiant energy.

The areas appear white on an exposed X-ray film

(ray-dee-oh-PAYK)

A long, twisted tube that leads away from the glomerulus of the kidney to the collecting tubules. As the glomerular filtrate passes through the renal tubules, teh water, sugar, and salts are reabsorbed into the bloodstream through the network of capillaries that surround them. 

(REE-nal TOOB-yool)

Urine that remains in the bladder after urination. 

(rih-ZID-yoo-al YOO-rin)

A substance dissolved in a solution, as in teh waste products filtered out of the kidney into the urine. 

(SOL-yoot)

The weigth of a substance compared with an equal volume of water, which is considered to be the standard.

Water is considered to have a specific gravity of 1.000 (one). Therefore, a substance with a specific gravity of 2.000 would be twice as dense as water. 

The presence of excessive amounts of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood; 

also called azotemia

(yoo-REE-mee-ah)

One of a pair of tubes that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. 

(YOO-reh-ter)

A small tubular structure that drains urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. 

(yoo-REE-thrah)

Inability to control urination; the inability to retain urine in the bladder. 

(YOO-rih-nair-ee in-CON-tin-ens)

An abnormal involuntary accumulation of urine in the bladder; 

the inability to empty the bladder. 

(YOO-rih-nair-ee REE-ten-SHUN)

Herniation or downward protrusion of the urinary bladder through the wall of the vagina; 

also called a cystocele

(VESS-ih-koh-seel)

The presence of the urine of abnormally large quantities of protein, usually albumin. 

(same thing as proteinuria) 

normal excretion is <250mg of protein per day

when persistent usually sign of renal disease or complications (or hypertension or heart failure)

(al-byoo-min-YOO-ree-ah)

The cessation (stopping) of urine production or a urinary output of less than 100 mL per day. 

(an-YOO-ree-ah)

The presence of bacteria in the urine

considered significant if there are >100,000 pathogens per milliliter

(back-tee-ree-YOO-ree-ah)

Painful urination 

(diss-YOO-ree-ah)

A condition of urinary incontinence, especially at night in bed; 

bedwetting

(en-yoo-REE-sis)

Abnormal presence of a sugar, especially glucose, in the urine. 

finding often times associated with diabetes mellitus

(glye-kohs-YOO-ree-ah)

Abnormal presence of blood in the urine

(hee-mah-TOO-ree-ah)

Presence of excessive amounts of ketone bodies in the urine. 

(kee-toh-NOO-ree-ah)

The state or quality of being indifferent, apethetic (wihtout emotion), or sluggish 

(LETH-ar-jee)

A vague feeling of bodily weakness or discomfort, often marking the onset of disease or infection. 

(mah-LAYZ)

Urination, especially excessive at night; 

also called nycturia

(nok-TOO-ree-ah)

Secretion of a diminished amount of urine in relation to the fluid intake; scanty urine ouput. 

excretes <500 ml of urine in every 24 hours 

(ol-ig-YOO-ree-ah)

A feeling of the need to void urine immediately

(ER-jen-see) 

Inflammation of the urinary bladder. 

characterized by urency and frequency of urination and by hematuria. 

(siss-TYE-tis)

An inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidneys

usually caused by a beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection 

primarily a disease of a children 

characterzed by proteinuria, hematuria, and decreased urine production 

(gloh-mair-yoo-loh-neh-FRYE-tis)

Distension of the pelvis and calyces of the kidney caused by urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in a ureter. 

(high-droh-neh-FROH-sis)

A group of clinical symptoms occurring when damage to the glomerulus of the kidney is present and large quantities of protein are lost through the glomerular membrane into the urine, resulting in severe proteinuria; 

also called nephrosis 

patient will expereince massive generalized edema 

(neh-FROT-ic SIN-drohm) 

A hereditary disorder of the kidneys in which grapelike, fluid-filled sacs or cysts replase normal kidney tissue 

symptoms don't usually appear to midlife 

(pol-ee-SIS-tik kidney disease 

A bacterial infection of the renal pelvis of the kidney 

usually due to an infection of an ascending urinary tract infection 

(pye-eh-loh-neh-FRYE-tis) 

A malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in adulthood

usually asymptomatic until the latter stages of the disease

Progressively slow development of kidney failure occurring over a period of years. The late stages of this are known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD) 

(KRON-ik REE-nal FAIL-yoor) 

An abnormal backflow (reflux) of urine from the bladder to the ureter

may cause damage to the ureters and kidney due to increased hydrostatic pressure

(vess-ih-koh-yoo-REE-ter-al REE-fluks)

A malignant tumor of the kidney occurring predominantely in childhood. 

Dialysis is a mechanical filtering process used to cleanse the blood of waste products, draw off excess fluids, and regulate body chemistry when the kidneys fail to function properly. Instead of using the hemodialysis machine as a filter, the peritoneal membrane (also called the peritoneum) is used as the filter in this. 

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD): can be performed by patient and doesn't require a machine 

Continutous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD): requires a machine. Cycles the solution in and out of the peritoneal cavity at evenly spaced intervals at night while the patient sleeps

The process of removing excess fluids and toxins from the blood by continually shunting the patient's blood from the body into a dialysis machine for filtering and then returning the clean blood to the patient's bloodstream. 

(hee-moh-dye-AL-ih-sis)

Also known as extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. This is a noninvasive mechanical procedure for using sound waves to break up renal calculi so that they can pass through the ureters. 

(ex-trah-cor-POR-ee-al LITH-oh-trip-see)

Also known as intravenous pyelography or excretory urogram. This radiographic procedure provides visualization of the entire urinary tract: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. 

(in-trah-VEE-nus PYE-eh-loh-gram)

KUB

(kidneys, ureters, bladder)

An X-ray of the lower abdomen that defines the size, shape, and location of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. A contrast medium is not used with this X-ray. 

Used to identify malformations of the kidney, soft tissue masses, and calculi (stones)

X-ray visualization of the internal anatomy of the renal blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. 

(REE-nal an-jee-OG-rah-fee)

The radiographic procedure in which small-caliber catheters are passed through a cystoscope into the ureters to visualize the ureters and teh renal pelvis. 

(RET-roh-gryd PYE-eh-loh-gram) 

Also called ulstrasound. This is a procedure in which sound waves are trasnmitted into the body structures as a small transducer is passed over the patient's skin. 

(ul-trah-son-OG-rah-fee)

is a physical, chemical, or microscopic examination of urine 

exames the color, turbidity, specific gravity and pH

(yoo-rih-NAL-ih-sis)

A collection of all the urine excreted by the individual over a 24-hour period. The urine is collected in one large container.

This urine specimen is also called composite urine specimen. 

The comparisons of urine level to blood concentration will be disproportionate in the presence of kidney disorders. 

This collection is used to avoid contamination of the urine specimen from the microorganisms normally present on the external genitalia. 

The patient is instructed to collect the first-voided specimen of the morning and to refrigerate it until it can be taken to the medical office or laboratory. 

used for pregnancy testing or any other test that required more concentrated urine 

A residual urine specimen is obtained by catheterization after the patient empties the bladder by voiding. The amount of urine remaining in the bladder after voiding is noted as the residual amount. 

(ree-ZID-yoo-ahl)