Term
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Definition
1. many varieties with distinct characters
2. mating can be controled
3. each plant has sperm and eggs
4. cross-pollination can be achieved |
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Term
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Definition
heritable features that vary among individuals
ex- flower color |
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Term
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Definition
variants in characters
ex- purple vs. white flowers |
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Term
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Definition
| mating of 2 true breeding varieties |
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Term
| Mendel's "heritable factor" |
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Definition
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Term
| Law of segregation concepts |
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Definition
1. alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters
2. for each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent
3.if the two alleles at a locous differ, then one determines the organism's appearance, and the other has no noticeable effect on appearance
4. genes can separate and come back together, they are not permanently blended |
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Term
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Definition
| alternative versions of a gene. the two inherited alleles at a locos may differ or be the same |
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Term
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Definition
the two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes. an egg or a sperm only gets one of the two alleles
accounts for the 3:1 ration in the F2 generation
illustrated by genes not appearing in F1 then reappearing in F2 |
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Term
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Definition
| breeding an individual with a dominate phenotype and an unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals that are heterozygous for one character |
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Term
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Definition
| the cross between two monohybrid individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals who are heterozygous for 2 characters |
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Term
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Definition
| between two dihybrids can determine whether two characters are inherited separately or as a package |
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Term
| law of independent assortment |
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Definition
each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formations.
only applies to genes on different, non-homologous chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| the probability that two or more independent events will occur together is the product of their individual probabilities |
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Term
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Definition
| the probability that any one or two or more exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities |
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Term
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Definition
| when phenotypes of the heterozygote and homozygote are identical. |
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Term
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Definition
| the phenotype of the offspring is somewhere in between the two parents |
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Term
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Definition
two dominate alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
ex- AB blood types |
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Term
| what do dominatance/recessiveness depend on? |
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Definition
| the level at which the phenotype is examined-- alleles don't interact |
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Term
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Definition
| when genes have multiple phenotypic effects |
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Term
| why aren't dominant alleles more frequent? |
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Definition
the frequency of alleles is dependent upon natural selection. some dominate alleles are ineffective
ex- the allele for cystic fibrosis is responsible for multiple symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at second locus
ex- coat color in mice and labs |
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Term
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Definition
| characters that vary in the population along a continuum |
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Term
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Definition
an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype
ex- skin color controlled by multiple separately inherited genes that each contribute one unit of darkness |
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Term
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Definition
| genes are so close on a chromosome that the probability of a crossover is very very small |
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Term
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Definition
a genetype isn't associated with a rigid phenotype but rather with a range of phenotypic possibilities due to environmental influences.
ex- in blood type, norm of reaction has no breadth
in white blood cell count, there's a wide range due to environmental factors like altitude |
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Term
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Definition
| genes that are affected by many factories, both genetic and environmental, in the expression of a phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
many genetic disorders are recessive, must be transmitted by a carrier and the effected individual must be homozygous
ex- cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell |
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Term
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Definition
more rare due to the scarcity of these genes because of natural selection.
ex- dwarf |
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Term
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Definition
affected by genetic and environmental components
ex- alcoholism, heart disease, diabetes |
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