Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Type of symbiosis - 2 species living together with both benefiting. +/+ |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of symbiosis - 2 species live together w/ 1 benefiting & the other not affected. +/0 |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of symbiosis - 2 species live together w/ 1 benefiting and the other harmed. +/- |
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Term
| Relationship between evolutionary development & severity of effects of pathogen> |
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Definition
| less harm to host>more developed the parasite |
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Term
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Definition
| don't cause disease. 2 types:resident - part of normal flora for life; Transient - temporary (usually eliminated by competition of normal flora or by host's immune system. |
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Term
| When is normal flora acquired? |
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Definition
| During birth and shortly after from food, air, handling, etc. |
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Term
| NF become OP - Immune Suppression |
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Definition
| Weakened immune system makes us susceptible to normal flora becoming opportunistic. |
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Term
| What can weaken the immune system? |
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Definition
| Already sick, stress, diet, hormonal changes. |
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Term
| NF become OP - Changes in Normal Flora |
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Definition
| Normal flora exclude pathogens, but changes open up body areas for pathogens. (antibiotics) |
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Term
| NF become OP - Introduction of NF into unusual body site |
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Definition
| Ex: E. coli in urinary tract. How? Possible poor hygiene |
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Term
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Definition
| Presence of microbes in/on body |
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Term
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Definition
| Microbes overcome external body defenses, multiply, and establish themselves in body |
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Term
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Definition
| through breaks. though hookworms can borrow through skin. |
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Term
| Portals of Entry - Mucous Membranes |
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Definition
| Respiratory, GI, Urinary and Reproductive Tracts, plus conjunctiva. Some pathogens, fungi, & viruses enter this way. |
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Term
| Portals of Entry - Placenta |
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Definition
| in 2% of pregnancies pathogens cross placenta. (TORCH test: Toxoplasmosis, Other, Rubella, CMV, Herpes) syphilis, HIV. |
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Term
| Portal of Entry - Parenteral |
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Definition
| deposition of pathogens directly onto tissues below skin or mucous membranes - HOW - cuts, shots, medical procedures. |
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial ligands - found on fimbriae, flagella, glycocalyces |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Surface lipoproteins and/or glycoproteins (ligands) that aid binding to cell receptors. *avirlulent forms often lack adhesion factors. |
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Term
| Disease (morbidity) occurs when... |
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Definition
| infection damages host enough to interfere with normal body functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| subjective characteristics (how does patient feel?) |
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Term
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Definition
| Objective characteristics (fever, rash, swelling, vomiting, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of symptoms and signs that characterize a particular disease. |
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Term
| Some infections are asymptomatic or subclinical (no symptoms), even though signs may be detected in lab tests |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| proposed postulates to determine which pathogen causes a disease. (also developed media and stain techniques) |
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Term
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Definition
| *suspected pathogen must be found in EVERY case of disease. *That pathogen must be isolated and cultured. *The pathogen must cause disease when introduced into healthy host. *Same pathogen must be isolated from diseased host. |
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Term
| Exceptions to Koch's Postulates |
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Definition
| *some pathogens can't be cultured in lab. *some diseases caused by multiple pathogen(s) and environmental/genetic cofacters. *can't ethically apply them to human-only diseases. |
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Term
| Virulence Factors of Infectious Agents |
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Definition
| Pathogenicity - Ability of microbe to cause disease. Virulence - Degree of pathogenicity (relative ability to infect host and cause disease) |
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Term
| Hyaluronidase & collagenase |
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Definition
| Virulence Factor - Extracellular enzyme - allow invasion of deeper tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| allows microbes to hide from immune system in clots |
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Term
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Definition
| digest clots and allow invasion of damaged tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria use chemicals to communicate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Virulence Factor - Toxin harm tissues or trigger damaging host immune response. Secreted by microbes. Include CYTOTOXINS, NEUROTOXINS, & ENTEROTOXINS (digestive tract). |
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Term
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Definition
| Virulence Factor - Toxin harm tissues or trigger damaging host immune responses. Lipid A from G- cell walls. Released when cells die, divide, or digested by phagocytes. Causes fever, inflammation, diarrhea, shock, hemorrhaging, blood coagulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Virulence factor - prevent phagocytosis & destruction of microbe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Virulence Factor - often made of substances normally found in body so ignored by hosts immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Virulence Factor - May prevent fusion of lysosomes w/ phagocytic vesicles. Some bacteria release leukocidins - kill white blood cells. |
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Term
| 5 stages of infectious disease |
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Definition
1. incubation
2. prodromal
3. illness
4. Decline
5. Convalescence
Contagious in ALL 5! |
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Term
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Definition
| time between infection and first symptom signs - variable |
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Term
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Definition
| short time w/ vague, mild symptoms - not always present |
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Term
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Definition
| most severe stage. signs/symptoms most severe here - treatment here |
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Term
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Definition
| body returns to normal, having fought off the disease. immune response peaks here. |
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Term
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Definition
| patient recovers, body repaired - variable period |
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Term
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Definition
| Same as portals of entry. Most common tho are secretions/excretions. |
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Term
| Sources of Infectious Disease |
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Definition
1. Animal reservoirs
2. Human carriers
3. Nonliving reservoirs |
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Term
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Definition
| Passed from animals to humans. 150 identified. (rabies, yellow fever - mosquitoes) Transmitted thru bites, direct contact or their wastes, and eating them. (mad cow) |
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Term
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Definition
| Asymptomatic humans are especially important here as carriers. Most famous - Mary Malone Typhoid Fever, new york cook, in gall bladder, wouldn't remove. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Modes of Infectious disease transmission - Contact |
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Definition
| Direct Contact, Indirect contact, droplet transmission |
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Term
| Direct (Contact) Transmission |
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Definition
| Touching, kissing, intercourse. (STD's, zoonoses, staph. most virulent - Rabies, tularemia) |
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Term
| Indirect (Contact) Transmission |
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Definition
| Most often spread through fomites such as needles, toothbrushes, toys, money, cups, sheets, medical equipment. Inanimate objects. |
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Term
| Droplet Transmission (contact) |
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Definition
| via droplet nuclei released through exhaling , coughing, sneezing (<1m travel). |
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Term
| Modes of infectious disease transmission - Vehicle transmission |
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Definition
| airborne, waterborne, foodborne, bodily fluid. |
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Term
| Airborne (Vehicle) Transmission |
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Definition
| Aerosol (>1m travel). fungal spores, strap, TB, etc. |
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Term
| Waterborne (Vehicle) Transmission |
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Definition
| many GI diseases, fecal-oral cycle. (Polio, typhoid, etc) |
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Term
| Foodborne (Vehicle) Transmission |
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Definition
| Poorly processed or undercooked, or poor refrigeration. (Campylobacter, listeria, TB, toxoplasmosis, etc.) |
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Term
| Bodily Fluid (Vehicle) Transmission |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Biological - lives/multiples within vector & transmitted through biting. (ticks, lice, fleas, mosquitoes). Mechanical - carried on body parts. (flies, cockroaches - not needed for arthropods life cycle) |
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Term
| Classification of Infectious Diseases |
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Definition
| Longevity and severity of a disease. (14.2) |
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Term
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Definition
| # new cases/pop./time period |
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Term
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Definition
| new + existing cases/pop./Time period |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease normally found at a stable frequency in population |
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Term
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Definition
| Only a few cases occur in an area or pop. |
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Term
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Definition
| Greater than normal frequency. just more than expected |
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Term
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Definition
| When epidemic occurs on more than one continent (AIDS, H1N1) |
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Term
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Definition
| where you notify diseases. Report numbers in MMWR each week. |
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Term
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Definition
| basic data collection about a disease. Age, gender, occupation, health history, socioeconomic status, location/time. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st case impt because could indicate the source, possible spread, and reservoir. |
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Term
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Definition
| Father of Epidemiology - Cholera epidemic. Found source of outbreak, traced it to a pump which he turned off. |
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Term
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Definition
| Analyzes descriptive data to determine cause, mode of transmission, and possible prevention of disease. Retrospective, includes comparisons of infected to non-infected. |
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Term
| Experimental Epidemiology |
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Definition
| Tests a hypothesis about the cause of a disease. Koch's postulates? |
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Term
| Hospital Epidemiology - Nosocomial infections |
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Definition
| acquired in health-care facilities. CDC estimates rate at 10% |
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Term
| Types of Nosocomial Infections |
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Definition
| Exogenous - Due to pathogens from health care environment. Endogenous- from normal flora that become pathogenic due to factors in health care settings. Iatrogenic - Due to fomites used in medical procedures. |
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Term
| Factors Influencing Nosocomial Infections |
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Definition
| Interaction of numerous pathogens, weakened immune systems, transmissionn among patients/staff/visitors. |
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Term
| Control of Nosocomial Infections |
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Definition
| Disinfection. Medical asepsis (housekeeping, handwashing, bathing, sanitation). Surgical Asepsis & sterile procedures. Isolation of very contagious/susceptible patients. Establishment of nosocomial infection control committee |
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Term
| CDC Universal Precautions of Nosocomial infections |
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Definition
| Use of sharps containers - no resheathing of sharps. Use of protective barriers to protect from bodily fluids. Immediate/thorough hand washing after bodily fluid exposure |
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