Term
| Tabacco mosaic virus can be transmitted from a dieseased plant to a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the first human disease associated with a filterable agent was |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| virus is the latin word for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the invention of what made it possible to see viruses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Viruses are inert when they are living .. and active when they are living .. |
|
Definition
| outside the cell.. inside the cell |
|
|
Term
| what are two ways viruses are distinguished from other infectious agents |
|
Definition
1. they are small and filterable
2. obligatory intracellular parasites
3. their methods of multiplication
and their simple structure |
|
|
Term
| viruses are entities that : |
|
Definition
1.contain a single type of nucleic acid either DNA or RNA
2.contain a protein coat ( somtimes covered by an envelope) that surrounds a nucleic acid
3. multiply inside living cells by using the synthesizing machinery of the cell
4. cause the synthesis of specialized structures that can carry the viral nucleic acid to other cells
2. |
|
|
Term
| viruses have few or no enzymes of their own for metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| viruses have their own enzymes for protein synthesis and ATP generations |
|
Definition
| false , they are completly and entirely dependant upon their host |
|
|
Term
| does viruses repicate by binary fisson |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does viruses both RNA and DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| viruses are sensative to antibiotics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are viruses sensative to interferons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why can the effect of antiviral drugs be dangerous to us? |
|
Definition
| because most drugs that interfere with viral replication would also interfer with the functioning of the host cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the variety of host cells the virus can infect |
|
|
Term
| true or false : most viruses are able to infect specific tyoes of only one host species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| viruses that infect bacteria are called |
|
Definition
| bacteriophages, or phages |
|
|
Term
| what is the particular host range of a virus determines by? |
|
Definition
| the viruses requirements for its specific attachment site, and the availablitly within the potential host of cellular factors required for viral reproduction |
|
|
Term
| in animal cell the receptor sites are on the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for some bacteriopgahes the receptor site is part of the cell wall, in other cases it is apart of the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea of using bacteriphages to treat bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tumor-destroying , may selectively infect or kill tumor cells or cause an immune response towards them |
|
|
Term
| different viruses are all the same size? |
|
Definition
| false they vary considerably in size |
|
|
Term
| all viruses are way smaller than bacteria? |
|
Definition
| false although most are smaller than bacteria some of the larger viruses ( such as vaccinia virus) are about the same size as some very small bacteria ( mycoplasmas,rickettias,chlamydias) |
|
|
Term
| viruses range from .... in lengthq |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sometimes influenza A viruses seen in one species can cross over to another species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| influenza has many different subtypes of influenza differ because of the |
|
Definition
| different proteins on the surface of the virus |
|
|
Term
| what are the three known subtypes of human influenza virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are pigs important carriers of the influenza virus |
|
Definition
| because they can be infected with both human and avian flu |
|
|
Term
| influenza virus is composed of |
|
Definition
| eight seperate segments, which allows the virus to mix and create a new influenze virus, knwon as antigenic shift |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a complete, fully developed infectious particle of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat that is protected from the enviroment and is a vehicle of transmission from one host cell to another |
|
|
Term
| viruse are classified by what |
|
Definition
| the different structure of their protein coat |
|
|
Term
| the nucleic acid of a virus can be |
|
Definition
double stranded or single stranded
( double stranded, DNA, double strsnded RNA, single stranded RNA, single stranded DNA) |
|
|
Term
| depending on the virus the nucleic acid can also be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in some viruses such as the influenza virus the nucleic acid is in several segments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the nucleic acid in a virus is protected by the protein coat called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the structure of the capsid is ultimitely determined by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what takes up the most mass of the virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| somtimes there might be a single protein subunits that compose the capsomere and sometimes several types of protein are presentq |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does an envelope consist of |
|
Definition
| lipids, proteins, carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
| some animal viruses are released from the host cell by an extrusion process that encoats the virus with a layer of the hosts cells plasma membrane , which becomes the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enveloped viruses are always convered in spikes |
|
Definition
| false, depending on the virus enveloped viruses may or may not be covered in spikes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carbohydrate- protein complexes that project from the surface of the envelope |
|
|
Term
| can spikes be used as identification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some viruses attach to host cells by means of spikes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spikes cling to red blood cells causing clumping |
|
|
Term
| what does the capid of nonenveloped viruses protect the viruse from |
|
Definition
| nuclease enzymes in biological fluids and promotes the viruses attachment to suseptable host cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins that react with the surface proteins of viruses, they should inactivate the virus and stop the process |
|
|
Term
| what does the cell send out as an immune responce to a virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can viruses escape antibodies? |
|
Definition
| because regions of the gene that code for the viruses surface proteins are suseptable to mutation, then the antibodies are not able to deactivate the virus |
|
|
Term
| influenza constanly undergoes mutation in its spikes that is why we can get it twice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the viruse that cause rabies and ebola hemorraphagic fever are what type of general morphology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name two polyhedral viruses |
|
Definition
| polio virus, and adrenovirus |
|
|
Term
| envelope viruses are roughly what shape |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an example of a enveloped polyhedral virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is one example of a complex virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the head of a bacteriophage is what shape and the tail is what shape |
|
Definition
| polyhedral and the tail heath is heical |
|
|
Term
| what is another example of a complex virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the oldest classification of viruses is based on |
|
Definition
| symptomology, this didnt work because some viruses had more than one effect on its host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. nucleic acid type
2. statagy for replication
3. morphology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of viruses that share the same genetic information and geological niche ( host range) |
|
|
Term
| viral species are designed by descriptive viral names |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| viruses that use what as hosts are easily grown on bacterial cultures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alot of understanding of viral replication is dedicated to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the plague method for detecting coutable viruses |
|
Definition
| the viruses are cultured on a bacterial plate the viruses attack the bacteria and the area surrounding where the original bacteria was is destroyed. this produces a number of clearings that we can count to determine the viral number.( plague forming units) |
|
|
Term
| what three methods are used for cultivating animal viruses |
|
Definition
1. living animals
2. embryonated eggs
3. or cell cultures |
|
|
Term
| some human viruses can not be grown in animals, or can be grown just not cause disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| we watch viral reproduction of AIDS in which animal? but we can not provide vaccine models): |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the virus can grow in a embryonic egg |
|
Definition
| a hole is drilled in the shell, and a virus is injected into the fluid of the egg |
|
|
Term
| how is viral death indicated in an embryonic egg |
|
Definition
| death of the embryo, by embryo cell damage, or the formation of pockets or cell lesions on egg membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the preferred type of growth medium for most organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viruses that infect to monolayer cause the cells of the monolayer to deteriate as they multiply |
|
|
Term
| viruses can be grown in --- or --- lines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developed from human embryos and can be maintained for about 100 generations and are widely used for cultivating viruses used in human hosts |
|
|
Term
| the major problem with the cell culture method |
|
Definition
| is the cells can not be contaminated , required the full time attention of workers |
|
|
Term
| serological method such as western blotting |
|
Definition
| the virus is detected by its reaction to antibodies most common method of identification |
|
|
Term
| what genes do the nucleic acid in a virion contain information for |
|
Definition
1. to make capsid protein
2. and genes for a few enzymes used in viral life cycle |
|
|
Term
| viral enzymes are almost entirely concerned with replicating or processing what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the larger virions may contain one or a few enzymes whcih usually function in helping the virus penetrate the host cell or replication or replicating its own nucleic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the multiplication of a virus can be demonstrated with a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the data is obtained from infecting every cell in a culture and then testing the culture medium and cells from virions and viral proteins/ nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
| bactreiophages can multiple by which teo alternative mechanisms |
|
Definition
the lytic cycle ( ends with the life and the death of the cell)
,and the lysogenic cycle( the host cell remains alive) |
|
|
Term
| what organism is an example of the lytic cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the virions of a T-even bacteriophage are |
|
Definition
| large, complex, and nonenveloped, with a characteristic head and tail shape |
|
|
Term
| the lytic cycle attachment phase with T-even bacteriophages |
|
Definition
| a chance of collision occurs, attachment site on a bacteriophage ( fibers at the end of its tail) attaches to a complementary receptor site on a bacterial cell wall, weak bond formed ( hydrogen bond) |
|
|
Term
| penetration of the T-even bacteriophage |
|
Definition
| injects its DNA ( nucleic acid) into the bacterium, the tail sheath of the bacterialphage contracts anf the tail core is driven into through the cell wall. ( like a syringe) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| released by the bacteriophage to break down a portion of the cell wall during penetration to allow the DNA to be injected into the cell |
|
|
Term
| once the bacteriophage DNA has reached the ---- of the host cell the biosyntheis of viral nucleic acid and protein occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the virus cuts off the host DNA reproduction by |
|
Definition
| shutting off the transciption and translation |
|
|
Term
| what is the order of Virus transcribed? |
|
Definition
1. copys phage cells DNA
2. phage DNA is transcribed into mRNA in order to make capsid proteins |
|
|
Term
| early phage messages are translated to early phage proteins during biosynthesis which are used for |
|
Definition
| the synthesis of phage DNA |
|
|
Term
| late messages are translated into late phage proteins for the synthesis of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for several minutes following infection, complete phages can not be found in the host cell only seperate components DNA and protein can be detected this is called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during muturation DNA and capsids are assembled into virions spontaneously |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacteriophage lambda is also called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lysogenic phages are also called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| temperate phages may indeed proceed through the lytic cycle but they are also able to incorporating their DNA into the host cells DNA to begin a lysogenic cycle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in lysogeny the phage remains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
after penetration the linear phage DNA forms a circle
the circle can multiply and divide
leading to the production of new phages and the lytic cycle |
|
|
Term
| the inert DNA in the lysogenic cycle is called the |
|
Definition
| prophage, most of the phage genes are turned off by repressor proteins, these stop transcription |
|
|
Term
| everytime the host cells machinery replicates during the temperate phage the |
|
Definition
| bacterial chromosome replicates the prophage DNA the prophage remains latent with in the progeny cells |
|
|
Term
| when the cell is in the temperate phage what can cause the phage DNA to spontaneously leave the cell the lytic cycle |
|
Definition
| action of uv light, certain chemicals |
|
|
Term
| 3 important results of lysogeny |
|
Definition
1. the lysogenic cells are immune to reinfection by the same phage ( however the host cell is not immune to infection ).
The host cell might experience phage conversion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the host cell exhibits new properties |
|
|
Term
| the third result of lysogency is that it |
|
Definition
| makes specialized transduction possible ( only certain genes are transferred) phage coat picks up bacterial genes and transfers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is mediated by the lysogenic phage, which packages bacterial DNA along with its own DNA in the same capsid |
|
|
Term
| how do animal viruses differ from bacterial virus? |
|
Definition
the way they enter the cell
the synthesised cell particles are different because of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are different
also animal cells have different enzymes
the mechanism of maturation and release is different |
|
|
Term
| what are the receptor cites for animal cells |
|
Definition
| proteins, glycoprotein of the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| animal viruses do possess appendages like tail fibers |
|
Definition
| false, the attachment site for animal viruses is dispersed over the surface of the cell |
|
|
Term
| the spikes are located on the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| attachment is complete when |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recepeptor sites are or are not inherited by the host? |
|
Definition
| are, so the receptors for a particular virus can very from host to host so some people are not suseptable to viruses |
|
|
Term
| viruses and other nutrients / molecules can enter eukaryotic cells by an active cellular process called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the plasma membrane has many continuous folds that contain digestive enzymes |
|
|
Term
| what kind of viruses can enter by fusion, in which the viral envelope fuses with the plasma membrane and released the capsid into the cells cytoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this happens with animal viruses its the seperation of the viral nucleic acid from the protein coat once the virion is inside the vesicle |
|
|
Term
| uncoating is the action of what type of enzymes |
|
Definition
| lysosomal enzymes, enzymes in the hosts cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| how do animal cell viruses enter the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in bacteriophages where does biosynthesis occue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in animal viruses where does biosynthesis occur |
|
Definition
| in the nucleus ( DNA viruses) in the cytoplasm ( RNA viruses) |
|
|
Term
| in animal viruses how are viruses released |
|
Definition
| enveloped viruses budout, nonenveloped viruses rupture the cellq |
|
|
Term
| chronic infection in animal cells is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is uncoating required in bacteriophages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA containing viruses replicate their DNA in the --- and they synthesis their capsid in the ---by using host cell enzymes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after the DNA containing viruses are assembled they are transported along the what to be released outside the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what DNA containing viruses are an exception because they synthesis all their materials in the cytoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does poxvirus contain its own transcriptase thats why all the replication happens outside the nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adrenoviruses were names after adenoids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respiratory disease the common cold |
|
|
Term
| poxviridea diseases include |
|
Definition
| small pox, cow pox, skin lesions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hepadnaviridae uses they synthesis DNA by using RNA.. KNOWN AS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does budding kill the host cell |
|
Definition
| no and in some cases the host cell survvies |
|
|
Term
| alot of cancer is a result of viruses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| wilhelm ellerman and olaf bang |
|
Definition
| are responsible for finding that leukemia in chickens is caused by virsus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discovered that tumors in chickens were caused by viruses saracoma! |
|
|
Term
| cancer has to develope right away |
|
Definition
| false, cancer might not develope until long after viral infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| almost anything that cn alter the genetic material of a eukaryotic cell can cause cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cancer - causing alterations to cellular DNA affect parts of the genome called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oncogenes can be actives by |
|
Definition
| mutagenic chemicals, high ebergy radiation, viruses |
|
|
Term
| viruses capable of inducing tumors are called |
|
Definition
| oncogenic viruses, cellular DNA integrates into the host DNA and replicates along with the host cells chromosome |
|
|
Term
| what percent of cancer is known to be viral induced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tumor cells are --- by viruses they aquire distinct properties different from noninfected cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is a oncogenic virus a DNA or RNA virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| virtually all cervical cancers are caused by |
|
Definition
| human papallomarvirus HPV |
|
|
Term
| does hepatitus virus cause cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| among the RNA viruses only the oncoviruses in the family --- cause cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are saracoma viruses of cats chickens and rodents also retroviruses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The product of a reverse transcription whcih is the double stranded DNA molecule synthesised from viral DNA which integrates into the host cell DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a virus can remain in equilibrium with the host and not actually produce disease for a long time , often many years. |
|
|
Term
| the herpes virus is an example of a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can chicken pox exist in a latent stage |
|
Definition
| yes, the virus contains access to the skin via the blood some viruses may enter the nerves where they remain latent |
|
|
Term
| when chickenpox is latent and activated by a immune responce can active them and change them to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| shingles occur in what to what percent of people who have had chickenpox |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| persistant or chronic infection |
|
Definition
| occurs gradually over a long period, usually are fatal |
|
|
Term
| a persistant viral infection is different from a latent infection is that it |
|
Definition
| detectable viruses build up over a long period of time and rather than appearing suddenly |
|
|
Term
| are infectious diseases caused by prions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what disease is caused by prions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the infectivity of scrapies infected brain tissue is reduced by treatment with --- but not by treatment with --- this suggests the infecting agent is pure --- |
|
Definition
| protease, radiation, pur protein |
|
|
Term
| prion is a named coined from |
|
Definition
| protinaceous infectious particle |
|
|
Term
| prion cause mad cow disease?` |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can some plant viruses multiply in animal hosts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of change can plant viruses cause |
|
Definition
| color change wilting. deformed / stunted growth |
|
|
Term
| some plant viruses are only resevoirs and remain latent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are plant cells protected from disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plant viruses can only enter via |
|
Definition
| wounds, or assisted by other plant parasites, nemotodes, fungi, and animals that suck sap |
|
|
Term
| how is plant diease spread |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in laboratories plant viruses are cultured in |
|
Definition
| protoplasts plant cells with their cell wall removed |
|
|
Term
| some plant diseases can be caused by short pieces of naked DNA only 300-400 nucleotides with no protein coat called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does the RNA in viriods code for any proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are viriods pathogens only for plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| annually infections by viriods result in alot of crop damage for example |
|
Definition
| potatoe spindle tuber viriod |
|
|
Term
| do viriods and introns have a similar base sequence? |
|
Definition
| yes ( a sequence of genetic material that do not code for polypeptides) |
|
|
Term
| viriods have evolved from introns |
|
Definition
|
|
