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political system in which power resides in one person or family and is passed through generations
Absolute – hereditary right to rule – above the law
Constitutional – royalty as symbols |
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| – political system controlled by rulers who deny popular participation (Saudi Arabia, Cuba, China) |
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| state seeks to regulate all aspects of peoples’ public and private lives (Nazi Germany) |
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| people hold power directly or through elected representatives |
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Manifest functions
protect citizens (maintain law and order)
arbitrate disputes
plan and direct society
meet social needs
coordinate governmental sectors
handle international relations
Latent functions
political parties
maintain social stratification |
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Term
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Definition
– Ruling classes use political institutions to control masses
Power is in the hands of a small group and the masses are relatively powerless
Laws reinforce power of owning classes
Legislation favors ruling class
Marx wrote that government would “wither away” after communist revolution |
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| three way arrangement where business, congressional committee and bureaucratic agency make decision on political issue to be decided by the agency |
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| pre-industrial societies most workers extract natural resources from the environment |
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| process raw materials into finished goods |
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| – post industrial where services are provided rather than goods |
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| Characteristics of industrial economies |
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Definition
New forms of energy, mechanization, and the growth of the factory system.
Increased division of labor and specialization among workers.
Universal application of scientific methods to problem solving and profit making.
Introduction of wage labor, time discipline, and workers’ deferred gratification.
Strengthening of bureaucratic organizational structure. |
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| Characteristics of the Postindustrial Economy |
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Definition
Information displaces property as the central preoccupation in the economy.
Workplace culture shifts away from factories and toward diverse work settings, the employee, and the manager.
The conventional boundaries between work and home are breached. |
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| Functionalist perspective |
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Definition
economy is vital because goods and services are produced and distributed
once basic needs are met, resources are available to meet additional needs
when business cycle runs smoothly, other parts of society function effectively
recession results from distrust in economy and is decline in total production lasting 6 months or longer |
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Definition
business cycles result from capitalist greed; to maximize profit, capitalists suppress worker wages
as prices increase, workers can’t afford to but what they produce
surpluses cause capitalists to reduce production, close factories and lay off workers
workers may be replaced by machines and non –union workers |
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| Protestant ethic and spirit of capitalism - Weber |
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Definition
Calvinist God –sovereign and glorious
Predestination – God selects people for heaven and hell before birth and nothing in life can affect that decision
Psychological pressure to live righteously and prove you are one of the elect
Glorify and honor God through working for his Glory - work as form of worship
Produces mind set appropriate to capitalism
Efficient organizations that maximize profit
Calvinist mentality was fertile ground for capitalism while Hinduism and Buddhism frustrated its growth |
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Term
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Definition
early U.S.
private ownership of means of production
no government regulation
pursuit of personal profit
competition |
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| Mixed economy or welfare capitalism – |
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Definition
U.S. today
private property ownership
partial government regulation in public interest
safety net of corporate welfare |
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Definition
private ownership regulated by government for public good
government handles essential services
nonessential left to private forces
high taxes to redistribute wealth |
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Definition
China, Russia
public ownership of the means of production
centralized decision making
pursuit of collective goals |
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| several companies control entire industry. Example is the music industry where four companies control most of the artists and labels. |
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| four or fewer companies supply 50% of market. Examples are U.S. auto industry and cereal companies. |
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| combinations of businesses in different commercial areas owned by one holding company. Example is Murdoch’s News Corporation. |
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| Interlocking directorates |
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Definition
| members of board of directors of one corporation who sit on boards of other corporations |
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| workers needs for identity and meaning are not met |
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| = part-time and temporary; help employers but hurt workers |
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| – culturally inherited norms, beliefs and values based on past legitimacy (royalty, religious dignitaries) |
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| reasonable laws and law making procedures; formal organization in bureaucracy – rule of law and power in position (elected officials) |
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| – power of personality – lacks stability unless system becomes institutionalized (politicians, soldiers, entertainers) |
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