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| The characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual over time and across circumstances. |
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| Freud's Psychodynamic Theory |
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| Freudian theory that unconscious forces, such as wishes and motives, influence behavior. |
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| mental representations arising out of biological or physical need |
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| directs people to seek pleasure and to avoid pain. People satisfy the life instinct by following this principle. |
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| This is the energy that drives the pleasure principle. |
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| Three zones of mental awareness |
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| conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious |
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| People are aware of thoughts |
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| Content that is not currently in awareness, but that could be brought to awareness; roughly long-term memory |
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| Material that the mind cannot easily retrieve. Like wishes, desires and motives, and they are associated with conflict, anxiety or pain; to protect the person from distress, they are not accessible. |
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developmental stages that correspond to the pursuit of satisfaction of libidinal urges
These include: oral stage, anal phase, phallic stage, Latency stage, Genital stage. |
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| The mouth, the anus, or the genitals. |
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| (Psychosexual stage) - from birth to ~18 months, during which time pleasure is sought through the mouth |
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| learning to control the bowels, focus on the puwet (2 to 3 years) |
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| (3 to 5 years) children start rubbing their genitals, but have no sexual intent per se. |
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| displaying hostility toward the same-sex parent. |
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| libidinal urges are suppressed or channeled into doing schoolwork or building friendships. |
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| adolescents and adults attain mature attitudes about sexuality and adulthood. Libidinal urges are centered on the capacity to reproduce and contribute to society |
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| occurs at a stage when an individual receives excessive parental restriction or indulgence. Those fixated at the oral stage develop oral personalities; they continue to seek pleasure through the mouth, such as smoking and are needy. |
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| (unconscious) operates according the pleasure principle, acting on impulses and desires. The innate forces driving the id are sex and aggression. |
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| the internalization of parental and societal standards of conduct. Developed during the phallic phase, the superego is a rigid structure of morality, or conscience. |
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| The component of personality that tries to satisfy the wishes of the id while being responsive to the dictates of the superego. |
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| rational thought and problem solving. Ego operates according to this. |
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| Unconscious mental strategies the mind uses to protect itself from conflict and distress |
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| - psychological attempt by an individual to repel its own desires and impulses towards pleasurable instincts |
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| Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney |
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- Neo-Freudians who modified Freud's ideas in their own theories
- They rejected freud's emphasis on sexual forces and instead focused on social interactions, especially children's emotional attachments to their parents. |
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| Whereas Freud believed that personality is determined by unconscious conflicts, behaviorists such as B.F. Skinner argued that patterns of reinforcement determine response tendencies, which are the basis of personality. |
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(Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow): Approaches to studying personality that emphasize personal experience and belief systems; they propose that people seek personal growth to fulfill their human potential.
- Rogers emphasized people's subjective understandings of their whole lives. |
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| Unconditional Positive Regard |
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| in which children are loved, accepted and prized no matter how they behave. |
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| Person-centered approaches to studying personality that focus on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique persons. |
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| Approaches to studying personality that focus on how people vary across common traits. |
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| explore the unconscious by having people describe or tell stories about ambiguous stimulus items. The general idea is that people will project their mental contents onto the ambiguous items, thereby revealing hidden aspects of personality such as motives, wishes and unconscious conflicts |
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| People look at an apparently meaningless inkblot and describe what it looks like to them. (could reveal unconscious conflicts and other problems). |
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| Thematic Aperception Test |
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| (henry murray and christiana morgan) Used to study achievement motivation. A person is shown an ambiguous picture and is asked to tell a story about it. |
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| Relatively direct assessments of personality, usually based on information gathered through self-report questionnaires or observer ratings. |
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| Sam Gosling and Oliver John |
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| They found that hyenas can reliably be described in terms of personality traits lends support for further personality research on nonhuman animals. (Animals have personalities) |
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| Are there specific genes for personality or are there not? |
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| Research has revealed genetic components for particular behaviors such as viewing television or getting divorced , and even for specific attitudes such as feelings about capital punishment or appreciation of jazz. |
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| temperaments and the idea that represent biological differences |
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| Biologically based tendencies to feel or act in certain ways. |
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| the overall amount of energy and of behavior a person exhibits. Some children race around the house, others are less vigorous |
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| describes the intensity of emotional reactions. For example, children who cry often or easily become frightened, as well as adults who quickly anger, are likely in emotionality. |
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| refers to general tendency to affiliate with others. |
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