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| the total collection of genes in a population at any one time (only consists of individuals who can and will reproduce - no young children or elderly) |
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| a change in a population's gene pool over a few generations. It results in evolutionary change in a species over a relatively brief period of time. (Change in alleles frequencies) |
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| states that the shuffling of genes that occurs during sexual reproduction cannot change the overall genetic make up of a population |
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| p2(squared) +2pq + q2(squared) |
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| Five rules of Hardy Weinburg |
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Definition
| There must be a large population (around 1000 or more individuals), the population must be isolated (no migration), mutations do not alter the gene pool (mutated individuals die or are unable to reproduce causing no spreading of mutation to gene pool), random mating, and no natural selection (environment stable - does not change). These conditions are very rarely met in the natural world. |
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| Four factors of Microevolution |
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Definition
Genetic drift
Gene flow
Mutations
Non-random Mating |
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| change in the gene pool of a small population due to chance (ex: natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, etc.). Two types - bottleneck effect and founder effect. |
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| genetic drift resulting from an event that drastically reduces population size (natural disaster wipes out most of a population - random chance ending with certain alleles in the gene pool) |
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| A random change in the gene pool of a small colony. Usually because of colonization of a new area. |
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| The gain or loss of alleles from a population through movement of fertile individuals (migration) |
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| A random change in an organisms DNA tht leads to the creation of a new allele |
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| Selection of mates other than by chance. Can be based upon location, appearance, dominance hierarchies, inbreeding or "selfing". |
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| Darwin's data supporting natural selection (three claims) |
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Definition
1. There is overpopulation in nature
2. There are limited natural resources
3. There is heritable variation in a population. |
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| differential success in reproduction by different phenotypes resulting from the interactiosn with the environment. |
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| When does evolution occur? |
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| When natural selction produces changes in the relative frequencies of alleles in a population's gene pool |
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| selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring. |
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| group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area at the same time (smallest unit that can evolve) |
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| Born in the 1920s, it is the study of genetic change in a population (led to modern synthesis) |
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| evolutionary theory that incorporated Darwin's ideas and utilizes genetics to lend support to the theory |
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| inherited change in a population of organisms over time, process that has transformed life on Earth |
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| Greek philosopher who lived 2500 years ago, who proposed that life originated in water and simple forms preceded the complex organisms |
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| conformed with contemporary religious views of the time, and asserted that species didn't change, they're fixed and permanent |
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| used info from fossil record, and hypothesized that the earth was much older than previously believed. In 1766, he suggested that all species originated from a common ancestor. |
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| supported premise that evolution was the only logical way to explain the fossil record, he came up with the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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| scottish geologist, he wrote "Principles of Geology", which was a major influence on Darwin's research |
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| born 1809 in England, a medical student turned naturalist, he set sail on the HMS beagle in 1831 (originally was the captain's companion, but did naturalist work on the side). After five years on the Beagle, he came up with the theory of evolution by means of natural selection, and published his findings in the "Origin of the Species" in 1859. |
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| Five factors supporting evolution |
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Definition
1. fossil record
2. biogeography
3. comparative anatomy
4. comparative embryology
5. molecular biology |
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| ordered array in which fossils apear within the strata (levels) of sedimentary rock, and provides some of the strongest evidence of evolution. The position of fossils in the strata reveal their relative age. Some of the oldest fossils are prokaryotes from about 3.5 billion years ago, and the newest are prokaryotes. |
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| geographical distribution of a species, explains why island species resemble the mainlnd species more than some other island with similar climatic conditions. |
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| the comparison of body structures in different species, the anatomical similarities among the different species give signs of common descent (ex: forelimbs of bats, cats, whales, an dhumans (referred to as homologous structures)) |
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| homologous structures (homologues) |
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| structures (organs or limbs) in seemingly different species that resemble each other |
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| states that closely related organisms have similar stages in their embryonic development, the only explanation for this phenomenon being common descent |
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| lends support tot he theory of evolution because the genetic code is universal and similar genes regulate organism development. (ex: hemoglobin polypeptide) closer related organisms seem to have more genetic code in common (ex: Rhesus monkeys differ from humans by 8 amino acids out of a total of 146) |
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