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Definition
| The fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell. |
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| The requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to the substratum. |
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| A radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in a cell undergoing mitosis. |
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| A mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin. |
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| The type of cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce. Each dividing daughter cell receives a copy of the single parental chromosome. |
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| An ordered sequence of events in the life of a eukaryotic cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two; composed of the M, G1, S, and G2 phases. |
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Term
| cell cycle control system |
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Definition
| A cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle. |
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Definition
| The reproduction of cells. |
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| A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis. |
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| The centralized region joining two sister chromatids. |
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| Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule-organizing center. |
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| The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. |
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Definition
| A critical control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle. |
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Definition
| The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope. |
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Definition
| A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. See chromatin. |
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Definition
| A regulatory protein whose concentration fluctuates cyclically. |
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Term
| cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) |
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Definition
| A protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin. |
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Definition
| The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis. |
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Term
| density-dependent inhibition |
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Definition
| The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another. |
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Definition
| A nondividing state in which a cell has left the cell cycle. |
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Definition
| The first growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins. |
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Definition
| The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. |
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Definition
| A haploid cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. |
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Definition
| The complete complement of an organism’s genes; an organism’s genetic material. |
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| A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells; a local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation. |
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Definition
| The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle. |
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Definition
| A specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle. |
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Definition
| A cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs. |
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Definition
| The third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate. |
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Definition
| The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site. |
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Definition
| A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei. |
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Definition
| The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis. |
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Definition
| An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis. |
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Definition
| Maturation-promoting factor (M-phase-promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase. |
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Definition
| Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins. |
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Definition
| The second stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes. |
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Definition
| The first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin is condensing and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleolus and nucleus are still intact. |
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Definition
| The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. |
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Definition
| Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II. |
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Definition
| Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell. |
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Definition
| The fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun. |
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Definition
| (1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. |
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