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large, long-lasting mass of ice, formed on land, that moves under its own weight.
develops as snow and is compacted and recrystallized. |
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| found in mountainous regions and high elevations |
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exists where a large part of a continent is covered by glacial ice.
high latitudes (polar regions) |
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| a glacier that is confined to a valley and flows from a higher to a lower elevation. |
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| pleistocene glacial maximum |
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glaciers at their max 18000 years ago.
entered interglacial 10000 years ago. |
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85% of glacial ice in antarctica
10% in greenland
5% in alpine glaciers
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| volume of water in glaciers |
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Definition
| 75% of world's freshwater is in glaciers |
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| a mass of ice that is not restricted to a valley but covers a large area of land |
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found in a few mountain highlands in Iceland and on islands.
flows downward and outward from a central high point.
similar to ice sheet but smaller |
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| ____ becomes compacted into ____ which eventually recrystallizes into ____ ___ |
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| blocks of ice break off and float free when a moving glacier reaches a body of water |
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glaciers with positive budgets (amount of snow it gains i greater than amount of ice it loses) push outward and downward at their edges
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| those with negative budgets grow smaller and their edges melt back |
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Definition
upper part of a glacier, part with a perennial snow cover.
snow accumulates and then melts, adding ice to the glacier. |
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Definition
| the lower part, for there is ice lost or ablated by melting, evaporation, and calving |
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| boundary between those two altitudinal zones of a glacier is an irregular line. marks the highest point at which the glacier's winter snow cover is lost during a melt season. |
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lower edge of a glacier.
its position reflects the glacier's budget |
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the sliding of the glacier as a single body over the underlying rock.
meltwater acts as a lubricant |
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| movement that occurs within the glacier due to the plastic nature of the ice itself |
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| upper part of the glacier |
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open fissures
ice is broekn by tensional forces |
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| grinding of rock across rock produces a powder |
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| characteristic of glacial erosion |
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| after glaciers disappear, these tributaries carved by them remain high above the valley |
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| ridges that have triangular facets produced by glacial erosion at their lower ends. |
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| may occupy the depressions carved out of the weaker rock. |
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| a steep sided, half bowl shaped recess carved into a mountain at the head of a valley carbved by a glacier. |
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| the sharp peak that remains after cirques have cut back into a mountain on several sides |
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| sharp ridges that separate adjacent glacially carved valleys |
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| unsorted and unlayered rock debris carried or deposited by a glacier |
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| an ice-transported boulder that has not been derived from underlying bedrock |
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| body of unsorted and unlayered till/debris either on a glacier or left behind by a glacier |
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| elongate, low mounds of till that form along the sides of a valley glacier |
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| where tributary glaciers come together, the adjacent lateral morains join and are carried downglacier as a single long ridge of till |
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| a ridge of till piles up along the front edge of the ice if the terminus remains stationary for a few years or advances |
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| a fairly thin, extensive layer or blanket of till that forms as ice melts and rock debris that has been carried by a glacier that is deposited. |
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| bodes of till shaped into streamlined hills in areas of past continental glaciation |
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| material deposited by the debris-laden meltwater |
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an outwash feature of unusual shape associated with former ice sheets and some very large calley glaciers.
long, sinuous ridge of water deposited sediment. |
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| when the ice block finally melts, this depression forms |
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two layers of sediement representing one year's deposition in a lake are called this.
light coloered layer has slightly coarser sediement from warmer part of the year. dark layer is fine sediment that sinks down more slowly during winter. |
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| states that at times in the past, colder climates prevailed during which much more of the land surface of earth was glaciated than at present |
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| formed in a period of abundant rainfall |
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| a coastal inlet that is a drowned glacially carved valley |
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| velocity profile with depth |
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Definition
| edges and base of glacier move more slowly due to frictional drag on bedrock. |
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