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Christian Revivals of Americans converting to Christianity. They believed they can get salvation based on free will. Against predestination.
Large number of seminaries opened to educate women
All race/gender/social classes came to revivals. |
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| Former lawyer. He became a minister and professor of theology in Oberlin College. He was the head of the Theology Department. |
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| Admitted women and free blacks |
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| The largest number of immigrants in the US were from Ireland, Germany, and Great Brittan. |
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Largest number of immigrants 1.6 million
Came to US because of overpopulation in Ireland, farming trouble, famine.
Poor farmers, unskilled workers, lacked $ to buy land
Took lower paying jobs: RRoad, factories, servants
Many were catholic and disliked |
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Wanted to limit immigration & Catholics
Pushed for legislation that would make it harder for immigrants to become US citizens.
“know nothings” |
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There were already Germans in US that helped new German immigrants.
Skilled workers, mechanics, doctors, lawyers
Some were catholic, brought beliefs of Marxism, communism which brought them persecution |
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From England 1780s Mother Ann Lee
United Society of Believers in Christ
Believed in Christ’s Second Coming
Albany NY, shaker communities
Shakers wanted to perfect lives, didn’t believe in having children, men and women lived separately
Charitable, many poor people came and converted |
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Church of latter day saints: Joseph Smith aka prophet
Visions of spirits, polygamy
Angel gave him Gold tablets---translated in a book
Church moved from Ohio—Missouri---Illinois
JS cheated on his wife: divisions in church—newsletter denounced JS—JS ordered militia to destroy printing press
1st amendment violated, JS killed
Successor Brigham Young moved church to salt lake city
Denounced practice late 19th century. |
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Socialists, tried to create a perfect society
Oneida NY, founded by John Humphrey Noyes
Practice of “free love” all men married to all women
“open-ness” in community
Silverware produced in this community still sold today
Oneida forks, spoons knives |
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French socialist
Phalanxes=each person had a responsibility that kept community flowing
Established in the north east |
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Spread of Educational ideas
Educating the working class
Speakers would go to different towns educating people |
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Public schools movement
First high school established bcuz of H.M.
Served as the secretary of education in Massachusetts.
Training schools for teachers
He supported the use of Women as teachers bcuz women were paid less $ |
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Catholics opposed schools bcuz they thought Protestants were spreading ideas in school
Catholics started their own catholic schools |
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| Established first Deaf School Hartford Connecticut |
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| Established first Blind School= Perkins Institute in Boston |
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Had Sunday school in prisons, saw the treatment of the mentally handicapped people and created a school
Asylum—school for mentally ill people |
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| American Temperance Society |
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Christians thought alcohol abuse was a sin
Alcohol could corrupt the work place and home
1826 NY |
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| First state to ban Alcohol |
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Maine 1851
9 states followed Maine
Promoted by Lyceum Organizations |
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| Washington Temperance Society |
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| Former alcoholics who shared testimony |
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| Place prisoners in solitude to give them time to reflect their crime, they came out of prison an improved person |
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Prisoners remain silent at all times
If anyone talked or stepped out of line they would be beaten to correct their behavior |
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Anti-slavery movement
Many believe slavery is sinful
Some believe it contradicts the foundations of the country
(men created equal) |
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Abolitionist
One of the founders of the American Temperance Society
Denounced the US constitution and wanted to see slavery abolished immediately
Radical statements like this^ offended people and his life was threatened |
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Produced anti-slavery paper in Alton Illinois
Printing factory destroyed and Elijah murdered |
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Business men in NY gave money to anti-slavery society
BUT they believed slavery should be ended gradually |
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Established by Tappen brothers
Political party for the freedom of slaves |
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Former slave
Learned how to read
Pretended to be a sailor to get to Maryland
Brought more support for anti-slavery |
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| Newspaper for anti-slavery |
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Former slave
Illiterate
Effective speaker on abolition & women’s rights |
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Fictional Book by Harret Stowe
Created a sympathetic/human portrayal of slaves
Got her information from abolitionist
First year published: 30,000 copies sold
Book banned in the south |
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| American Colonization Society |
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Believed there might be a race war in the future
Sent free blacks to Africa, established the country Liberia |
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| Sarah & Angelina Grimke Sisters |
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Daughters of slave owner
Angelina wrote a letter to W. Garrison published in the Liberator Newspaper
Sisters shunned from family, moved to SC became abolitionist |
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| Transportation Innovation |
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Goods can be sold in one part o
of a country to another part of the country
Turnpikes
Steam boats
Canals
Rail Roads
Funded by private investors, state gov’t |
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Ships with tall mass, catches wind and moves faster
Small cargo space |
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created the Cotton Gin a machine that pulls seeds out of cotton
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Eli Whitney created these interchangable parts
EX: if a gun broke, you can exchage one part of the gun that is not working for a new part. |
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Urbanization occured in NY, PHIL, Baltimore, New Orleans
industry production, and more transportation contributed to a higher population |
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opens Textile Mill 1793
machinery was brought from england to US
It turns raw materials such as cotton into yarn |
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| Family Units worked in factories |
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formed by a group of investors: Boston Associates
Full production of finished product
ex: from the cotton material to yarn to a shirt |
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1823 young women were hired 6day/week,paid less$
communities were established around mills
women would live in dorms and were supervised
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| family units hired for full production of goods |
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