Term
Psychodynamic Perspective : Freud
psychic determinism |
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Definition
| all behaviors result from childhood experiences |
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Term
Psychonamic Perspective : Freud
the unconscious |
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Definition
| thoughts, feelings, and wishes that exist beyond our awareness |
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Term
Structure of the Mind
the ID |
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Definition
| most basic element of personality, source of instincts and operates on pleasure |
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Term
Structure of the Mind
the EGO |
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Definition
| operates according to reality principle, serves to satisfy ID and Superego |
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Term
Structure of the Mind
the Superego |
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Definition
| incorporates parental and societal standards as well as ideal ego |
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Term
Structure of the Mind
The Interaction of the ID, Ego, and Superego |
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Definition
| ID is basic biological drives, Superego is the perfectionist, and then Ego meets them in the middle |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed concepts of intraversion and extraversion to reflect someone's life forces |
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Term
Neo-Freudians
Carl Jung
collective unconsciousness |
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Definition
| Jung felt we all share certain images in our brain, just because we are human |
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Term
Neo-Freudians
Carl Jung
archetypes |
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Definition
| the images that we all share |
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Term
Neo-Freudians
Karen Horney |
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Definition
| viewed personality disturbances as stemming from the basic anxiety that all people share |
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Term
| Adjustment Patterns to Reduce Anxiety |
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Definition
moving towards people, clinging
moving against people, acting out
moving away from people, withdrawn |
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Term
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Definition
first "self" theorist; primary drive is "social"
children striving to overcome their inferiority in relation to adults |
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Term
| Most Important Contributions of Freudian Theory |
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Definition
| the unconscious, focusing attention on early childhood experiences, and the concept of repression |
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Term
| Critiques of Freudian Theory |
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Definition
research is based on a small number of disturbed patients, so therefore cannot be "generalized" to the rest of the population
not directly testable, no scientific evidence |
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Term
| The Behavioral Perspective |
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Definition
deals only with observable behaviors
personality is influenced by history of punishers and reinforcers |
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Term
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Rotter's Social Learning Theory
Concept of Expectancy |
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Definition
| expecting to have the right to a good life with happiness and good opportunities |
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Term
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Rotter's Social Learning Theory
Internal Locus of Control |
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Definition
| when people feel like they can control their life and reinforcers then positive things will come |
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Term
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Rotter's Social Learning Theory
External Locus of Control |
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Definition
| when people feel like outside forces control everything and nothing they do can change their "fate" then negative outcomes are more likely to occur |
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Term
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Bandura's Social Cognition Theory
Reciprocal Determinism |
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Definition
the idea that our behavior is based upon our cognitions
our thought affects our behaviors that then affect the people around us |
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Term
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Bandura's Social Cognition Theory
Self-Efficacy |
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Definition
| a person's expectations in his or her ability to engage in efficient behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on present, idealistic, provides basis for self improvement |
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Term
Humanistic Perspective
Maslow |
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Definition
| basic needs to self-actualization |
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Term
Humanistic Perspective
Rogers
Unconditional Positive Regard |
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Definition
parents letting the child know that it is only their behavior that displeases them, not the child themself
ideal self vs. real self |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively stable pattern of thinking, behaving, and feeling that distinguises one person from another |
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Term
Assessing Personality
Self-Report Inventories |
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Definition
MMPI, CPI, MBTI
true/false questions a person answers about themselves
"I wish I was happy like others"
limitations - dishonesty, time consuming, out dated |
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Term
Assessing Personality
Projective Tests |
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Definition
using unstructured/ambiguous stimuli to assess personality
limitations - time for training test givers |
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Term
Assessing Personality
"Barnum Effect" |
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Definition
| tendency to accept generalized personality description as completely accurate for one's own self |
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Term
Assessing Personality
Other Measures |
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Definition
| direct interviews and observations |
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Term
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Definition
| consistency is slightly out of the question because behavior is also influenced by the situation and many other factors |
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Term
Consistency of Behavior
Aggregation |
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Definition
| collecting evidence of several behaviors to try to create a more reliable pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| a summary term that describes the tendency to behave and think in consistent ways across different situations |
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Term
| Factors of Personality : Raymond B. Cattell |
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Definition
| Cattell used much collective information about behavior and came up with his Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16PF) to provide an assessment of the levels of a person's source traits |
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Term
| Surface Traits and Source Traits |
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Definition
| surface traits are small clusters of consitency and are directed by source traits, a smaller number of the primary traits |
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Term
Factors of Personality
The "Big Five" Traits |
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Definition
| OCEAN : openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism |
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Term
Biological Factors in Personality
Sensation Seeking |
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Definition
a general tendency to seek stimulation from a variety of sources
a low level of MAO, an enzyme in our brain that controls our impulsiveness, are associated with high sensation seekers like gamblers |
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Term
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Definition
| because twins share same genes, their personalities will be similar |
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Term
Twin Studies
Personality and the Evolutionary Perspective |
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Definition
personality characteristics women seek in men they want as mates are related to achievement potential
aspects of our personality are present to help us adapt |
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