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| The period before the Civil War. |
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| Transcendentalist friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson who conducted an experiment by living by himself in the woods. He wrote his findings in his book, Walden. His most famous essay was on "Civil Disobedience" where he advocated the use of nonviolent protests. He used this method and didn't pay a tax that could help fund the U.S. war with Mexico. He was forced to spend a night in Concord, Mass jail because of breaking the tax law. |
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| Brook Farm; George Ripley |
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| George Ripley, a Protestant minister launched a communal experiment at Brook Farm in Massachusetts to see if a community could live out the transcendentalist ideal. It eventually failed due to a bad fire and heavy debts in 1849. |
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| an advocate for women's rights (i.e. Margaret Fuller, Catharine Beecher, Harriet Beecher Stowe etc.) |
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| A leading transcendentalist and friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson, she suggested the important relationship between the discovery of the "self" that was so central to antebellum reform and the questioning of gender roles. |
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| A famous theologian and radical reformer who lived on the Brook farm at one point. |
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| The idea of withdrawing from convential society to create an ideal community in a fresh setting. |
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- the most distinctive feature of Shakerism was its commitment to complete celibacy (you couldn't be born into the faith; you must voluntarily choose it)
- Shaker communities made contact between men and women very limited; but they endorsed the idea of sexual equality
- One of the earliest religious communal movements
- Called shakerism because of an ecstatic dance to keep them free from sin
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| A non-religious (secular) experiment in New Harmony, Indiana was the work of Robert Owen. He hoped his utopian society would provide an answer to the problems of inequity and alienation caused by the Industrial Revolution. It failed as a a result of financial problems and disagreements among members of the community. |
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| John Humphrey Noyes; Oneida community |
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| A society dedicated to social and economic equality started by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 in Oneida, NY. It became highly controversial because people shared everything even spouses, it also promoted sinful experiments of planned reproduction. |
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| Charles Fourier; phalanxes |
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| A community based on the teachings of Charles Fourier, a french socialist. To solve the problems of a fiercely competive society, he advocated that people share work and living arrangements in communities known as phalanxes. It failed, as Americans proved too individualistic to adapt to communal living. |
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| a newspaper editor who became interested in the works of Charles Fourier and started the movement of Fourier phalanxes |
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| A painter who would depict the common people in various settings. |
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| A painter who won fame and popularity for his lively rural compositions. |
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| A painter who emphasized the heroic beauty of American landscapes, especial in dramatic scenes among the Hudson River and western fronteir wilderness. Along with Frederick Church. |
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| A painter who emphasized the heroic beauty of American landscapes, especial in dramatic scenes among the Hudson River and western fronteir wilderness.Along with Thomas Cole. |
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A mid-19th century Americanart movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism. The paintings for which the movement is named depict the Hudson River Valley and the surrounding area. |
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| Famous American author who wrote such works as "The Legend of Sleepy Hallow" and "Rip Van Winkle" in the early 19th century. |
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| A famous author whose works glorified the fronteirsman as nature's noblemen. |
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| Famous author who questioned the intolerance and conformity in American life. He wrote The Scarlet Letter in 1850. |
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Temperance is the idea of total abstinence (removal) from something, but most likely, alcoholic beverages.
Reformers often targeted alcohol as the cause of social ills and it soon became the most popular of the reform movements.
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| American Temperance Society |
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Founded in 1826 by Protestant ministers and others concerned with the high rate of alcohol consumption and the effects of such excessive drinking.
The society tried to persuade drinkers to take a pledge of total abstinence. |
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| A society begun by recovering alcoholics in 1840 who argued that alcoholism was a disease that needed practical. helpful treatment. |
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| Women's Christian Temperance Union |
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| A union that would help fuel the temperence movement in the late 19th and early 20th century. |
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| Reformers proposed setting up new public institutions-states-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses as the other ones forced people to live in terrible conditions. |
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| A former schoolteacher from Massachusetts who was horrified to find mentally ill persons locked up with criminals in unsanitary cells. She dedicated her life to improving conditions for emotionally disturbed persons. As a result of her crusade, mental patients began recieving professional treatment at state expense. |
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| Founded the school for the deaf |
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| founded a school for the blind |
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| New prisons erected in Pennsylvania and New York which tried to make their inmates reflect on their crimes based on the Auburn and Pennsylvania systems of discipline. |
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| Prisoners were forced to work while reflecting on their sins and crimes. |
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| Was the leading advocate of the common (public) school movement. Mann worked for improved schools, compulsory attendance for all children, a longer school year, and increased teacher preperation. The movement for tax-supported schools spread rapidly to other states in the 1840s. |
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| A movement whose purpose was to improve the current school system and to educate the nation's children better. |
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| A series of elementary textbooks that became widely accepted as the basis of reading and moral instruction in hundreds of schools. Created by Pennsylvania schoolteacher, William Holmes McGuffey. |
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| Women reformers resented the way men relegated them to secondary roles, especially in the anti-slavery movement, and prevented them from taking part fully in policy discussions. So women began campaigning for women's rights. |
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| The idealized view of women as moral leaders in the home and educators of children. |
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| Two sisters who objected to male opposition to their antislavery activities. Sarah wrote her "Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes" in 1837. |
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| Woman reformer who began campaigning for woman's rights after being barred from speaking at an antislavery convention. |
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| Quaker woman reformer who pushed for women's rights and helped to start the Seneca Falls convention. |
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| Seneca Falls Convention (1848) |
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| A convention in Seneca Falls, New York to disuss the question of women's rights organized by women reformers. Their most prominent demand, in their written declaration that they formed, was the right to vote. |
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| Famous woman who helped organize the convention at Seneca Falls and began drawing parallels between the plight of the slaves and the plight of women. |
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| American Colonization Society |
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| A society whose goal was to transport freed slaves to an African colony. It was a form of radical abolitionism started by the Second Great Awakening, and was founded in 1817. The slaves would be transported to Monrovia, Liberia, but the idea proved to be impractical as more slaves came into America than went to Africa. |
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| American Antislavery Society |
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| A society started by William Lloyd Garrison and some other abolitionists who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery without compensation to the slave owners. |
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| Advocacy of the abolition (stoppage;ending) of slavery. |
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| William Lloyd Garrison; The Liberator |
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| An abolitionist known primarily for his radical ideas. He began to publish an abolitionist newspaper called The Liberator, an event that marked the beginning of the radical abolitionist movement. He argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves. |
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| Garrison's radicalism soon led to a split in the abolitionist movement, and a group of northerners created a political party as they believed political action was more practical than Garrison's moral crusade. |
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| Frederick Douglass; The North Star |
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| A former slave who was a famous black abolitionist and critic of slavery. He advocated both politial and direct action to end slavery and racial prejudice. In 1847, he started an antislavery journal called The North Star. |
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| A former slave, she escaped into Philadelphia in 1849 and assisted many slaves to escape from Maryland to freedom. |
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| He was an "African-American printer in New York City during the 1830s", who "was the prototype for black activist journalists of his time".He claimed to have led over six hundred people, including friend and fellow abolitionist Frederick Douglass, to freedom in the North. |
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| A freed black woman who emerged as a powerful and eloquent spokeswoman for the abolition of slavery. |
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| an African-American abolitionist, conductor on the Underground Railroad, writer, historian and civil rights activist. |
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A northern black who, along with Henry Highland Garnet, advocated the most radical solution to the question of slavery. The argued that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their masters.
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| A northern black who along with David Walker, advocated the rebellion of slaves against their masters. |
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| A Virginia slave who led a slave revolt in 1831 in which 55 whites were killed. In retaliation, whites killed hundreds of blacks in brutal fashion and managed to put down the revolt. After the revolt, fear of future uprisings put and end to antislavery talk in the South. |
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| Founded in 1828 with the objective of abolishing war. It influenced some New England reformers to oppose the later Mexican War. |
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| Man who invented graham crackers; was popular in dietary reforms that promoted good digestion |
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was an American women's rights and temperance advocate. Even though she did not create the women's clothing reform style known as bloomers, her name became associated with it because of her early and strong advocacy. |
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