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| The complete complement of an organism's genes; an organism's genetic material. |
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| The type of cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce; each dividing daughter cell receives a copy of the single parental chromosome. |
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| Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell. |
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| A haploid egg or sperm cell; gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. |
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| The aggregate mass of dispersed genetic material formed of DNA and protein and observed between periods of cell division in eukaryotic cells. |
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| Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II. |
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| The centralized region joining two sister chromatids. |
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| A process of cell division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into the growth period (interphase) and four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. The stages conserve chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter cells. |
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| The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, or four daughter cells in meiosis. |
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| An ordered sequence of events in the life of a dividing cell, composed of the M, G1, S, and G2 phases. |
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| The phase where Mitosis and Cytokinesis occur; the shortest part of the cell cycle. |
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| The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase accounts for 90% of the time of each cell cycle. |
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| The first growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins. |
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| The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. |
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| The synthesis phase of the cell cycle, constituting the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. |
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| The synthesis phase of the cell cycle, constituting the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. |
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| The cell may "exit" the cell cycle at the restriction point and switch to a nondividing state called the G0 Phase. Most cells in the human body are in this phase. |
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| A structure in the cell that many of the events of mitosis depend on. Begins to form in the cytoplasm during prophase. This structure consists of fibers made with microtubules. |
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| The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. |
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| A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis. |
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| A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. |
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| Density-Dependent Inhibition |
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| The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another. |
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| During the G1 phase of the cell cycle, the point at which the cell is comitted to divide. This is when the "go/no-go" decision to divide is made. |
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| An enzyme that regulates the activity of another protein by adding a phosphate group. |
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| A regulatory protein whose concentration fluctuates cyclically. |
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| Cycling-Dependent Kinase (Cdk) |
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| A protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin. |
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| M-Phase Promoting Factor (MPF) |
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| The master switch for a cell's passage from interphase to mitosis. Initiates prophase when cyclins associate with the protein kinase molecules during the G2 phase. |
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| A mass that forms within otherwise normal tissue, caused by the uncontrolled growth of a transformed cell. |
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| Do not cause serious problems, they can be completely removed by surgery. The cells remain at the original site. |
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| Invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs. These are said to be 'cancer'. |
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