Primary nurtrient deficiency

Lack of oxygen- hypoxia

Lack of energy source/ vitamins

nutrient is present in diest but cannot be absorbed

ex: Pernicious anemia

substances that arise outside of the cell

• Biologic: bacteria, fungi, protozoa
• non-biologic: corrosive substances, drugs, chemicals

1. Direct: causes toxic substance i.e Huntington's
2. Indirect: non toxic substance, providing alternative pathway

1. Temperature
2. Burns
3. Radiation
4. Mechanical Pressure
5. Infection

1. nature of causative agent
2. intensity
3. duration
4. number of exposures

1. Alternative metabolism
2. altered size
3. cell stress proteins
4. organelle changes

Increase in size from +workload

seen in cardic and skeletal muscle

Self destruction--programmed cell death

when cells are weak, damaged, or unneeded

reduction in skeletal muscle

i.e an arm that's been casted

shrinking of cells due to long term pressure

i.e tumor expansion

help cells cope with injury

1. bind to damaged proteins before they clump
2. stabalize so they can refold
3. bind to damaged proteins for easier passage through membrane

derived from phagosomes

Lipofuscin granules- contain undigested cell membrane lipids, causes no harm to cell

1. Loss of plasma membrane integrity
2. mitochondrial and ER membranes
3. lower lysosome count
4. distruption of cytoskeleton
5. altered nucleus

1. only released after lethal injury
2. cells swell and rupture
3. initaition of inflammatory response

acidosis denatures enzymatic proteins in cell

architecture of tissue is retained

in all solid organs but the brain

Tb

looks like cheese like debris

due to anaerobic bacteria

Dry: similar to frost bite--shrinks

Wet: liquidification debris--cold, swollen--diabetic feet

pus in abses

cells die but catalytic enzymes are not destroyed

any necrosis tissue/ abnormal

dead/dying tissue

formation of crystalline calcium phosphate

normal tissue

result of hypercalcemia

increased blood supply

CNS very sensitive