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The scientific study of heredity
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A term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate.
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A specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another.
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An offspring of crosses between parents with different traits.
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A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait.
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One of a number of different forms of a gene.
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A separation of alleles during gamete formation.
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A specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction.
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What is the principal of dominance?
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The principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive.
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What happens during segregation?
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alleles separate During gamete formation, alleles are segregated from each other so that each gamete carries only a single copy of each gene. Each F1 plant produces two types of gametes --those with the allele for tallness and those with the allele for shortness. |
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What are dominant and recessive alleles?
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- dominant alleles: An organism with a dominant allele for a particular from of a trait will always have that form.
- recessive allele: An organizm with a recessive allele for a particular form of a trait will have that form only when the dominate allele for the trait is not present.
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What did Mendel conclude determines biological inheritance?
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Medel drew two condlusions: 1: That biological inheritance is determined by factors that are passed from one generation to the next. (genes) 2. (the principle of dominance) States that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive. |
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The likelihood that a particular event will occur.
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A diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross.
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A term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait.
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A term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait.
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The physical characteristics of an organism.
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The genetic makeup of an organism.
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How do geneticists use the principles of probability?
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The principles of probabiltiy can be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses.
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How are the principles of probability used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses?
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Probabilites predict the average outcome of a large number of events. However, probability cannot predict the precise outcome of an individual event. (If you flip a coin twice, you are likely to get one head and one tail. Hoewever, you might also get two heads or two tails. To be sure of getting the expected 50:50 ratio, you would have to flip the coin many times.) The same is true of genetics. The larger the number of individuals, the closer the resulting offspring numbers will get to expected values. |
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The independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes.
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The situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another.
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The situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism.
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Three or more alleles of the same gene.
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A trait controlled by two or more genes.
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What is the principle of independent assortment?
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The principle of independent assortment states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.
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What inheritance patterns exist aside from simple dominance?
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Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive, and many traits are controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes.
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Independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes.
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A situation in which one allele is not completely dominant.
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A situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism.
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Three or more alleles of the same gene.
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A trait controlled by two or more genes.
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What happens during the process of meiosis?
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Meiosis is a process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.
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How is meiosis different from mitosis?
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Mitosis results in the production of two genetically identical diploid cells, whereas meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells.
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A term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent.
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A term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes.
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A term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes.
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A process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homoologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.
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A structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis.
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A process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.
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Describe the main results of meiosis.
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Meiosis produces four geneticlly different haploid cells.
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What structures actually assort independently?
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It is the chromosomes, however, that assort independently, not individual genes.
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A diagram showing the relative locations of each known gene on a particular chromosome.
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