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| The process of change that has transformed life on Earth; fundamental organizing principle of biology |
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| An organism's adaptations to its environment are the result of... |
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| Ongoing inquiry about the nature of life that seeks science-based answers |
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| Order, regulation, energy processing, growth and development, reproduction, evolutionary adaptation, response to the environment |
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| transfer and transformation |
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| Regulates biological systems |
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| Name the new properties that emerge at each level in the biological hierarchy. |
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| The biosphere, ecosystems, communities, populations, organisms, organs and organ systems, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules |
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| Result of the arrangement and interaction of parts as complexity increases, i.e. thoughts and memories stem from a complex network of nerve cells |
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| Organism interaction with the environment |
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| Creates an exchange of matter and energy, i.e. a tree taking root in soil absorbing minerals and water as well as the CO2 from the surrounding air |
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| Major aspect of global climate change |
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| Examples of global climate change's effect on life-forms and their habitats |
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Depleting polar bear hunting grounds.
Migratory pattern of birds.
Disease and distribution patterns. |
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| Fundamental characteristic of living organisms |
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| use of energy to carry out life's activities |
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| Living organisms transform energy from one form to another |
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| (example) light energy is converted to chemical energy, then kinetic energy |
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| ______ flows through an ecosystem, usually entering as ______ and exiting as _____. |
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| Structure and function... |
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| (Form fitting function) are closely related. |
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| Lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life |
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1) are enclosed by a membrane that regulates passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings
2) use DNA as their genetic information |
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| The basis of all reproduction, growth, and repair of multicellular organisms |
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Has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus
Eukarya |
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Simplistic; does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles
Bacteria, Archaea |
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| Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
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| The form in which chromosomes contain most of a cell's genetic material; the substance of genes; also controls development and maintenance of organisms |
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| The units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring |
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| Genes encode information for... |
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| Play structural roles and are responsible for carrying out cellular work |
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| DNA molecule arranged in... |
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| Chemical building blocks that make up DNA strands: A, G, C, and T |
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| Process of converting information from gene to cellular product |
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| Gene expression process; the central dogma of biology |
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| DNA --transcription--> RNA --translation--> Protein |
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Transfer RNA (brings in new amino acids to peptide chains during translation
Ribosomal RNA makes up part of the ribosomes |
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| Organism's entire set of genetic instructions |
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| Study of sets of genes within and between species that depends on "high-throughput" technology, bioinformatics, and interdisciplinary research teams |
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| "high-throughput" technology |
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| Yields enormous amounts of data |
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| Use of computational tools to process a large volume of data |
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| Allow biological processes to self-regulate |
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| As more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it slows and less of the product is produced |
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| As more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it speeds up and more of the product is produced |
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| Similar traits among organisms are explained by descent from common ancestors |
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| Differences among organisms are explained by the accumulation of heritable changes |
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| "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution." |
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| Branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth |
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Broadest units of classification
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
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| Unity is evident in many features of ____. |
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| On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection |
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| Darwin's two main points that explain duality of unity and diversity |
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Species showed evidence of "descent with modification" from common ancestors (unity)
Natural selection is the mechanism behind "descent with modification" (diversity) |
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Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many heritable.
More offspring are produced than survive--competition is inevitable.
Species generally suit (are adapted to) their environment. |
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| Individuals best suited to their environment are more likely to ____ and ____. (Darwin's inference) |
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| Over time, more individuals in a population will have ____. (Darwin's inference) |
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| Evolution occurs as the _______ of individuals. In other words, the environment "_______" for the _______ of ________. Darwin called this process _______. |
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| Unequal reproductive success, selects, propagation of beneficial traits, natural selection |
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| Explain chart on page 3 in "Unity in the diversity of life." |
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1. Dark background = environment.
2. Predator sees lighter colored bugs more readily.
3. Darks continue to reproduce while lights
4. Selection for the dark beatles |
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| Unity of mammalian limb anatomy reflect inheritance of that structure from a _______. |
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| The diversity of mammalian forelimbs results from modification by ______ operation over millions of generations in different environmental contexts. |
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| Fossils and other evidence corroborate _____ in supporting this view of mammalian descent from a common ancestor. |
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| Darwin proposed that natural selection could cause an ancestral species to give rise to _____. |
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| Two or more descendent species |
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| Evolutionary _____ are often illustrated with _____ that show ancestors and their descendants. |
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| Relationships, tree-like diagrams |
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| The search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions. |
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| The scientific process includes... |
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| Making observations, forming logical hypotheses, and testing them. |
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| In testing a hypothesis, more observations may force formation of... |
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| A new hypothesis or revision of the original one, and further testing. |
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| Biologists describe natural structures and processes based on observation and data analysis. |
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| Recorded observations or items of information; can be quantitative or qualitative |
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| Descriptions rather than measurements |
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| Recorded measurements sometimes organized into tables and graphs |
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| A tentative answer to a well-framed question; "an explanation on trial;" Hypothetical explanations to answer questions based on observation and reasoning |
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| A scientific hypothesis leads to predictions _____ by observation or experimentation. |
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| A hypothesis must be _____. |
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| _____ and _____ explanations are outside the bounds of science. |
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| An idealized process of inquiry |
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| Harmless species that closely resemble poisonous species |
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| Compares an experimental group with a control group; uses control groups to cancel the effects of unwanted variables |
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| In science, observation and experimental results must be _____. |
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| Broader in scope than a hypothesis; general and can lead to new testable hypotheses. |
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| Theories are supported by a _____ in comparison to a hypothesis. |
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| Scientists cooperate by sharing data about _____. |
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