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| The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it. (Also known as the I-Knew-It-All-Along phenomenon). |
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| Thinking that does not blindly accept arguements and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidences, and asseses conclusions. |
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| An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations. |
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| A testable prediction, often implied by a theory. |
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| A statement of the procudures used to define research variables. |
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| Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances. |
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| An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. |
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| A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them. |
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| The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. |
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| All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study. |
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| A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. |
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| Observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. |
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| A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. |
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| A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation. |
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| The perception of a relationship where none exists. |
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| A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent varibles) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable). |
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| An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. |
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| Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent. |
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| The condition of an experimental that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable. |
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| The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental confition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. |
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| Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. |
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| The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. |
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| The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. |
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| The most frequently occuring score(s) in a distribution. |
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| The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores. |
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| The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it. |
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| The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. |
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| A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. |
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| A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. |
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| The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large froup of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. |
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