Term
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Definition
the sum total of the typical ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that makes each person unique
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Term
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Definition
Personality is shaped by and behavior is motivated by powerful inner forces
Freudian Psychoanalysis
-sexual
-aggressive |
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Term
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Definition
Mental and behavioral reactions are determined by previous experiences
-belif in unconscious process
-manifest content
-latent content |
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Term
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Definition
Triparte personaity structure: id, ego, superego
Id- primitive, pleasure
Superego- morality, ego ideal
ego- directs drives, reality principle |
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Term
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Definition
- Displacement- kick dog not you
- projection
- rationalization
- reaction formation
- regression- mommy!
- repression- out of sight, out of mind
- sublimation- I'm angry, so I paint
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Term
Psychosexual Development
-Oral
-Anal
-Phallic
-Latency
-Genital |
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Definition
- 0-1: mouth, weaning
- 2-3: anus, potty training
- 4-5: genitals, cope with oedipal crisis
- 6-12: none, expand social contracts
- puberty: genitals, intimate relationships
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Term
| Criticism of Psychoanalytic theory |
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Definition
-Freud's focus on sexuality
-conceptually vague
-unreliable predictive power
-applied retrospectively
-never included stuides of children |
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Term
Bandura: Social Learning Theory
Reciprocal Determinism |
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Definition
Personality is learned
-model after parents
-direct and vicarious reinforcement
cognitions--> environment--> behavior |
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Term
Bandura: Expectancies
- Outcome/ Efficacy
Criticisms |
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Definition
- predictions of the outcome of behavior
- predictions you hold about your ability to perform tasks
-overlooks heredity
-focuses too little on personality traits |
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Term
Humanistic Theories
Criticisms |
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Definition
Carl Rogers- Self-actualization:
constant strive to realize unique potential
-unconditional positive regard
-what is self-acutalization? |
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Term
The Three Theories:
-Psychoanalytic
-Social Learning
-Humanistic |
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Definition
- Basically evil, hostile, and selfish (Id driven)
- Basically neutral and learn to be who we are from environment
- Basically "good", strive for self-actualization
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Term
| Personality: Trait, State |
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Definition
- Consistencies of personality
- Event limited (angry now, not an angry person) |
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Term
| Trait Personality Theories: Gordon Allport's Trait Approach, James Catell's 16 Factors, Hans Eysenck's Dimensional Theory |
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Definition
-levels of influence: Cardinal, central, secondary
-map of the surface traits that occur together
-extroversion, neuroticism, psychoticism |
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Term
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Definition
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeablenes
Neuroticism |
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Term
Consistency Paradox
Criticism of Trait Theories |
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Definition
-Personality ratings are consistent while behavior ratings are not
- Doesn't explain development |
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Term
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Definition
-interviews
-observations
-objective tests: personality inventories; MMPI, MMPI-2
-Neo-Personality inventory: Big 5 |
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Term
| Assessing Personality: Projective Tests |
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Definition
-Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)- pictures with ambiguous scenes
-Rorschach Test |
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Term
ch 12
Criteria for Abnormal Behavior |
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Definition
- unusual, statistical rarity
-socially deviant
-emotional distress
-maladaptive
-dangerous
-faulty perceptions, hallucinations, delusions |
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Term
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Definition
-Locality-specific pattern of abnormal behoove
-Judgements can change |
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Term
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Definition
-Diagnostic and statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM)- American Psychiatric Association
- Goals: Common shorthand language, understanding of etiology (causes), treatment planning |
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Term
| Classifying Disorders: Axis I-V |
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Definition
-DSM-IV(94) and DSM-IV-TR (2000)
I- Clinical disorder
II- Personality disorder, mental retardation
III- General Med conditions
IV- Psychosocial and environmental problems (psychosocial stresses)
V- Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF scale) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -Personality disorder, mental retardation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -Psychosocial and environmental problems (psychosocial stresses) |
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Term
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Definition
| -Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF scale) |
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Term
| Etiology of Psychopathology |
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Definition
Medical Model:
-Disorders as "Mental illness"
-Brain abnormality
-NT dysfunction
-Genetic predisposition |
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Term
| Etiology: Psychological approaches- Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Cognitive, Sociocultural |
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Definition
-Internal conflict
-Classical and operant conditioning
-Perceptions and beliefs
-Effects of culture in etiology and diagnosis |
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Term
| Biopsychosocial model- Diatheis-Stress Model) |
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Definition
Diathesis- Predisposition to develop disorder
+
Stress- environmental stressors (trauma etc)
=
Development of disorder- the stronger the diathesis, the less stress required |
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Term
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Definition
-Anxiety
-Mood
-Personality
-Dissociative
-Schizophrenic
-Comorbidity |
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Term
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Definition
-Distressing, enduring symptom
-Recognizes symptom as unacceptable
-Reality testing is fine
-Doesn't grossly violate social norms |
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Term
| Anxiety Disorders: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia |
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Definition
-Feels anxious and worried most of the time without specific threat or danger
-Unexpected, severe panic attacks
-Extreme fear of being in public places |
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Term
| Phobias, Obsessive-COmpulsive Disorder |
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Definition
-Persistent and irrational fear of an object, activity or situation: social phobia, specific phobia
-Obsessions: recurrent thoughts, images, impulses
-Compulsions: repetitive, purposeful acts performed according to certain rituals |
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Term
| Post Traumatic Stress Disorder |
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Definition
-Persistent re-experiencing (flashbacks, nightmares)
-Avoidance of people and places that cue trauma
-Increased arousal (insomnia, irritability) |
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Term
| Causes of Anxiety Disorders: Biological, Psychodynamic |
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Definition
-Evolutionary perspective suggests a predisposition to fear
*brain abnormalities
-Underlying psychic conflict
* ego attempting to protect the individual from pain |
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Term
| Anxiety Disorders: Causes- Behavioral, Cognitive |
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Definition
-Maladaptive reactions are reinforced
-Interpret their own distress as a sign of imminent danger |
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Term
| Mood Disorders: Depression |
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Definition
-Mood: Sad, hopeless, loss of interest
-Appetite changes
-Sleep extremes
-Guilt and worthlessness
-Recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideas |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder |
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Definition
-Intense feeling of depression for at least 2 weeks
-All day, every day
-Severe, debilitating symptoms
-Common cold of psychopathology |
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Term
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Definition
-More than half the time
-Symptoms less severe
-At least 2 years |
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Term
Bipolar Disorder
Manic Episode |
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Definition
-Alternating periods of mania and depression
-Extreme elation, decreased need for sleep, impulsive
-Manic depression |
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Term
| Causes of Mood Disorders: Biological, Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Cognitive |
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Definition
-Genes, NT functioning
-Unconscious conflicts, anger turned inward
-Reinforcement and punshiment
-Beck's Cognitive triad: Neg view of themselves, world, future
*Seligman's Learned Helplessness Theory |
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Term
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Definition
-all or nothing thinking
-misplaced blame
-negative focusing
-dismissing the positives
-catastrophizing
-shoudisms
-name-calling
-jumping to conclusions |
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Term
Cognitive Distortions:
Overgeneralization |
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Definition
-generalize from isolated cases
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Term
Cognitive Distortions:
Magnification |
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Definition
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Term
Behavior Therapies: Counterconditioning |
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Definition
-Substitute a new response for a maladaptive one
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Term
| Types of Personality Disorders |
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Definition
-paranoid -dependent
-schizoid -obsessive-compulsive
-schizotypal -antisocial
-borderline -avoidant
-histrionic
-narcissistic |
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Term
| Antisocial Personality (Sociopath) |
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Definition
-pleasure-seeking; no regard for others
-no remorse
-intelligent, often socially skilled
-punishment doesn't change them |
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Term
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Definition
-emotionally unstable, impulsive
-often accompanied by compulsions
-odd beliefs
-hostile and manipulative |
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Term
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Definition
-hallucinations
-delusions
-blunted emotions
-disturbed thought as evidence by speech
-behavior excess: hallucination and delusion
-behavior deficits: social withdrawal, flattened emotions |
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Term
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Definition
-disturbance in integration of identity, memory or consciousness
-dissociative amnesia
-DID: two or more personalities (controversial)
-etiology: trauma |
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Term
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Definition
-genetic: Diathesis-stress
*environmental triggers
*acute (sudden) vs chronic (gradual)
-gamily interaction: environmental stressor |
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Term
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Definition
-Focus on changing thoughts
-"Talk therapy", no meds
-derived from models of abnormal behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| -symptoms arise from unresolved traumas and unconscious conflicts |
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Term
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Definition
-symptoms originate from early experiences
-free association
-Catharsis- emotional release (doesn't work)
-no guidance or direction |
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Term
Freudian Psychoanalysis:
Transference, Countertransference |
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Definition
-redirection of a clients feelings from a significant person to a therapist
- therapists emotional entanglement with a client |
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Term
| Modern Psychodynamic approaches |
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Definition
-less focus on sexual conflicts
-more focus on current relationships vs childhood experiences
-briefer, more direct approach |
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Term
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Definition
-Maladaptive learned behavior leads to symptoms
-Behavior modification: systematic use of principles of learning to increase or decrease behaviors |
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Term
| Behavior Therapies: Counterconditioning; Aversion Therapy |
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Definition
-Substitute a new response for a maladaptive one
-Attractive stimulus is paired with noxious stimulus |
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Term
| Behavior Therapies: Flooding, Gradual Exposure, Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
-Exposure to stimuli most frightening to them
-Weakest to strongest; hierarchical progression
-Deep-muscle relaxation
**Key of response prevention |
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Term
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Definition
-Changing behavior by modifying its consequences; rewards and punishments
-Token economies use positive reinforcement strategies
(think gold star stickers) |
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Term
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Definition
-clients observe models' desirable behaviors being reinforce
-imitation
-social-skills training using behavioral rehearsal |
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Term
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Definition
-Maladaptive thinking leads to symptoms
-To reduce symptoms, change thinking
-"Cognitive restructuring" |
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Term
| Ellis's Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) |
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Definition
| -Irrational beliefs lead to problems; often take form of "shoulds" and "musts" |
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Term
Beck's Cognitive Therapy:
Cognitive distortions- Selective Abstraction |
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Definition
| -conclusions based on only the negative, ignore positives |
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Term
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies |
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Definition
-Cognitive emphasis on thoughts and attitude
-Behavioral emphasis on changing performance |
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Term
Existential-Humanistic Therapies:
Client-Centered Therapy, an Effective Therapist |
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Definition
-People strive for self-actualization
-Promote psychological growth
-Warm, accepting atmosphere
-Non-directive/client led
-Reflection
-Unconditional positive regard
-Empathy
-Genuineness |
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Term
Existential Humanistic Therapies:
Gestalt Therapy |
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Definition
-Blend conflicting parts--> integrated whole
-Gestalt maxim: "The whole is greater than the sum of the parts"
-Create self-awareness and express pent-up feelings |
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Term
| Group Therapy: Advantages and Drawbacks |
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Definition
-less costly
helps with interpersonal problems, social skills
-share coping strategies
-no one-on-one attention
-reluctance to disclose
-deviancy training: model neg behavior, reinforce neg talk and behavior |
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Term
| Psychotherapeutic Approaches: Similarities and Differences |
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Definition
-most strive to increase self-awareness
-teach relation among thoughts, feelings, actions and life outcomes
-differ in emphasis placed on thoughts, feelings and behaviors
-cognitive and behavior therapies more directive than psychodynamic and humanistic therapies |
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Term
| Biomedical Therapies; Psychosurgery; Electroconvulsive therapy |
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Definition
-Alter brain functioning with chemical interventions
-Prefrontal lobotomy: depression, bipolar, OCD
-Schizophrenia, mania and depression
-Temporary disorientation and memory deficits |
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Term
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Definition
-Alter NT activity in synapse
-Antipsychotics
-Antidepressants
-Antianxiety agents |
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Term
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Definition
-Blocks action of dopamine
-Delusions and hallucinations
-2-8 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
-due to antipsychotics (old)
-facial (jaw) ticks |
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Term
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Definition
-increase norepinephrine and serotonin
-depression, OCD, panic disorder
-several weeks to take effect
-side effects: nausea, weight gain, sleep disruptions |
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Term
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Definition
-GABA
-take effect shortly after ingested
-risk of dependence and overdose
-side effects: drowsiness, light-headedness |
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Term
Mood Stabilizers
Stimulants |
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Definition
-reduce mood swings; lithium
-improve attention spans and reduce disruptive behavior; ritalin, cylert |
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Term
When is Drug Therapy Necessary?
Efficacy of Drug Therapies |
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Definition
-Personality disorders
-Faulty perceptions
-Severe symptoms
-Spontaneous-remission effect
-Placebo effect |
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Term
| Drug Therapies: Pros and Cons |
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Definition
-Fast acting (1-8)
-High response rates
-No patient effort
-Relatively cheap
-Side effects
-High relapse rates when discontinued
-Create illusion of solving the problem |
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Term
Social Psychology
Social perception |
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Definition
-How our thoughts, feelings and behaviors, are influenced by our social interactions
-Understanding of our social environment |
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Term
Dispositional causes
Situational causes |
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Definition
-internal tot he actor
-external to the actor |
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Term
| Attributional errors: Fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
-Attribute behaviors to internal causes
-Less influence of situational factors |
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Term
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Definition
-pos or neg evaluation of person, objects, or issues
-may not predict behavior |
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Term
Changing attitudes (persuasion)
Elaboration likelihood model |
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Definition
-Route determined by motivation and ability
-central route: vote on the issues
-peripheral route: vote on attractiveness |
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Term
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Definition
-source variables (credible, likeable, similar)
-message variables (exposure, emotional tone)
-recipient variables (intelligence, self-confidence |
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Term
Prejudice;
Discrimination;
Development |
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Definition
-Preconceived attitude about an issue, person, or group; usually negative
-unfair, biased treatment of others
-direct experience
-learning from parents and peers
-identification with social group: out-group negativism, in-group favoritism |
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Term
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Definition
-Contact Theory (Allport)- direct positive interactions
-Extended Contact Theory- indirect positive interactions
-prejudice will decrease if 2 groups with equal status have contact, but not if one is higher in status |
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Term
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Definition
-diffusion of responsibility
-similarity
-attributions of cause of need
-social norms
-perceived cost |
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Term
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Definition
-fundamental need to belong to a group
-we conform to social, peer, and familial norms |
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Term
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Definition
-Assume majority is correct
-Concerned about group acceptance overrides the need for "correct" response
-Easier to go along than disagree
-More likely to conform when responding publicly |
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Term
| Obedience: Stanley Milgram; Social Validation |
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Definition
-Teacher/learner, teacher gave shock for wrong answers
-legitimatization of authority- comply with authority
-judge own behavior in comparison to others (believed others would do the same) |
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Term
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Definition
-Attribute causes of own behavior to situation
-Attribute causes of other's behavior to disposition |
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Term
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Definition
-Attribute failures to situations
-Attribute successes to disposition |
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