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| the core texts or thinkers in an academic field |
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| theory that suggests that the dynamics of society, both of social order and social resistance, are the result of the conflict among different groups |
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| a person’s notion of the common values, norms, and expectations of other people in a society |
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| the economic, political, cultural, and social interconnections among different groups of people all over the world, a dynamic web that connects us to one another and also creates cleavages among different groups of people |
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| the hidden, unintended functions of an institution or interaction |
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| analysis focused on large-scale institutional processes |
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| the overt and obvious functions of an institution or interaction |
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| the homogenizing spread of consumerism around the globe |
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| form of solidarity in traditional society, where life is uniform and people are similar and share a common culture and sense of morality |
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| analysis focused on ways in which different groups of people and even individuals construct their identities based on membership in those groups |
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| the belief in evolutionary progress through the application of science |
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| literally, the understanding of many cultures; a way to understand the very different ways that different groups of people approach issues, construct identities, and create institutions that express their needs |
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| form of solidarity in modern society, where there is a division of labor and diverse and conflicting interests, and common values are less obvious |
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| : a coherent model of how society works and how individuals are socialized into their roles within it |
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| perspective that suggests that the meaning of social life may not be found in conforming to rigid patterns of development but rather in the creative assembling of interactions and interpretations that enable us to negotiate our way in the world |
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| theory that saw each succeeding society as improving on the one before it |
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sees our lives as contextual lives—our individual identities are
sensible only in the social contexts in which we find ourselves |
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| the study of human behavior in society |
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| theory that social life consists of several distinct integrated levels that enable the world—and individuals who are within in—to find stability, order, and meaning |
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| theory that examines how an individual’s interactions with his or her environment help people develop a sense of “self” |
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| French theorist who coined the term “sociology |
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French theorist and historian known for his studies of American
democracy |
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the most important African-American intellectual of the nineteenth
century, whose work focused on the cruelty and illogic of slavery |
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| African American scholar who was one of the greatest sociologists in our history, best known for his work on racial inequality and race relations |
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| early sociologist who looked for the social origins of even the most individual and personal issues, as in his classic study of suicide |
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America’s first female foreign correspondent, whose work became the
intellectual foundation of the American women’s movement |
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| early feminist sociologist who examined how women’s economic dependence on men encouraged “feminine” behaviors |
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| symbolic interactionist sociologist who created the dramaturgical model to understand social interaction |
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| the most important socialist thinker, who offered the sociological insight that class was the organizing principle of social life |
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American sociologist who studied the development of individual
identity through social processes |
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student of Talcott Parsons who clarified functionalism and extended its
analysis, including presenting the concepts of manifest and latent functions |
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| coined the term “the sociological imagination” |
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| Harvard sociologist who was the central figure in structural-functionalist thinking |
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| philosopher who contributed to all the social sciences, in particular seeking a subject matter than set sociology apart from the other social sciences |
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| American sociologist who examined class divisions and tensions between the benevolent forces of technology and the profit system that distorts them |
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| one of the founders of American sociology; rebelled against the social Darwinism to which early American sociology was tied |
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| early sociologist best known for his studies of “rationality” in the modern world, and of the connections between religion and economic activity |
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| called the first major feminist, Wollstonecraft was a passionate advocate of the equality of the sexes |
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