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Define Psychology (In Greek!)
Hint: psyche
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Psyche: soul
Logos: to study |
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Psychology (In General Terms)
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The scientific study of mind and behavior
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| Observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals |
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| functional magnetic resonance |
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| a tool that allows scientists to "scan" a bran and see which parts are active when a person reads a word, sees a face, learns a new skill, or remembers a personal experience. |
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| Tried to analyze the mind by breaking it down into its' basic components |
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| Focused on how mental abilities allow people to adapt to their environments. |
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| Certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn |
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| all knowledge is acquired through experience |
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| how mental activity can be reconciled and coordinated with physical behavior |
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| Brought Psychology to the United States... Applied a scientific approach to age-old questions about the nature of human beings. |
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| argued in favor of nativism. |
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| Believed a child's mind was a blank slate on which experiences were written. |
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Argued that the body and the mind are fundamentally different things and that the body is made of a material substance, whereas the mind (or soul) is made of an immaterial or spiritual substance.
PINEAL GLAND |
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| Specific mental abilities and hcaracteristics, ranging from memory to the capacity for happiness, are localized in specific regions of the brain. |
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Believed that the brains and minds were linked, but by size. He found that the mental ability often increases with larger brain size, and decreases with damage to the brain.
Developed theory of phrenology |
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| The study of biological processes, especially in the human body |
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| Found that actions and movements differed between animals with intact brains than animals that had parts removed. |
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| Discovered that damage to a specific parrt of the brain impaired a specific mental funtion, which demonstrated that the brain and mind are closely linked. |
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| Demonstrated, through the use of a stimulus and measured reaction time, that mental processes do NOT occur instantaneously. |
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| sensory input from the environment |
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| the amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus |
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| Believed in focusing on analyzing conciousness, and proved that psychologists could use scientific techniques to disentangle even subtle conscious processes. |
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| a person's subjective experience of the world and the mind |
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| the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind |
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| involves the subjective observation of one's own experience |
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| Studied under Wundt and brought parts of Structuralism to America at Cornell University. |
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| An approach to psychology developed by William James that is the sttudy of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling peopel to adapt to their environment. |
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Darwin's theory that the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely that other features to be passed on to subsequent generations.
***HOW IT RELATES***
mental abilities must have evolved because they were adaptive; because they helped people solve problems and increased their chances of survival. |
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| founded the American Journal of Psychology, partial founder of the American Psychological Association, and served as its' first president. |
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| Earliest successful efforts in linking science and psychology |
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Pierre Flourens and Paul Broca, when they showed that the brain can result in impairments of behavior and mental functions.
Herman von Helmholtz developing methods for measuring reaction time. |
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| Jean-Martin Charcot and Pierre Janet |
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| Found that patients demonstrating hysteria, when put into a trancelike state(hypnosis) lost all of their hysteria symptoms until they were taken out of the hypnosis |
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| A temporary loss of cognative or motor functions, ususally as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences |
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| an altered state of conciousness characterized by suggestibility |
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| theorized that many of the patients'(who demonstrated hysteria) problems could be traced to the effects of a painful childhood experience(s) that the person could not remember, and furthermore suggested that these lost memories revealed the presence of an unconcious mind. |
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| the part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences concious thoughts, feeligns and actions. |
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| developed by Sigmund Freud, it is an approach that emphasizes the importance of unconcious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. |
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| focuses on bringing unconcious material into conscious awareness. |
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| developed by Carl Rogers an Abraham Maslow, this is an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings. |
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| An approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior. |
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| an action of physiological change elicited by a stimulus |
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| the consequences of a behavior that determine wheter it will be more likesly that the behavior will occur again. |
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| errors of percetion, memory, or judgment in which subjective experience ddiffers from objective reality. |
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| A psychological approach that emphasizes that we ofthen percieve the whole rather than the sum of the parts. |
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| the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning. |
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| an approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes. |
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| A field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity |
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| A psychological approach that expains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection |
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| a subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior. |
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| The study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members. |
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| Wrote THE ANIMAL MIND and argued that nonhuman animals, had conscious mental experiences. |
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| believe that human behavior is powerfully influenced by the environment. |
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Came up with the idea of "reinforcement"
Used a "skinner box" where he put a rat into a box that triggered food to drop. |
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Found that research participants often remembered what SHOULD have happened or what they EXPECTED to happen rather than what actually happened.
***Memory is not a phoographic reproduction of past experience and that our attempts to recall the past are powerfully influenced by our knowledge, beliefs, hopes, aspirations, and desires. |
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| Found that younger children lack a particular cognitive ability that allows older children to appreciate the fact that the mass of an object remains constant even when it's divided; researched children's minds! |
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| Said that one could best predict a person's behavior in the world by understanding the person's subjective experience of the world. |
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| Showed that the limited capacity to handle incoming information is a fundamental feature of human cognition. |
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funcctional magnetic resonance imaging
Allows scientists to "scan" a brain and see which parts are active when a person reads a word, sees a face, learns a new skill, or remembers a personal experience. |
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| how mental activity can be reconciled and coordinated with physical behavior |
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| a special kind of math that models a person's subjective experience. |
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| holds that culture makes littler or no difference for most psychological phenomena |
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| holds that psychological phenomena are likely to vary considerably across cultures and should be viewed only in the context of a specific culture. |
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| assess or treat people with psychological problems |
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| assist people in dealing with work or career issues and changes or help people deal with common crises such as divorce, the loss of a job, or the death of a loved one. |
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| offer guidance to students, parents, and teachers |
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| industrial/organizational psychlogists |
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| focus on issues in the workplace |
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