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| scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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| process of objectively evaluating. comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information |
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| "false" psychologies such as psychics, mediums, palmistry, astrology |
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| To describe, explain, predict, and change behavior and mental processes. |
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| tells what occurred; first step in understanding behavior; |
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| tells why a behavior or process occurred; depends on discovering and understanding its causes |
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| process of identifying conditions under which a future behavior or mental process is likely to occur; |
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| To apply psychological knowledge to prevent unwanted outcomes or bring about desired goals; almost always a positive goal; improve work environments, stop addictive behaviors, become less depressed, improve family relationships, etc. |
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| "father of psychology"; established first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879 |
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| monitoring and reporting on the contents of consciousness |
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| Led by Edward Titchener; identifying the structures of mental life; sought to identify elements of thought through introspection; short lived because people couldn't agree on experiences and was a failure |
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| how the mind functions to adapt human and nonhuman animals to their environment; led by William James; also eventually declined |
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| Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Perspective |
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| Freud;emphasizes unconscious processes and unresolved past conflicts |
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| emphasizes objective, observable environmental influences on overt pehavior |
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| stresses free will, self-actualization, and human nature as naturally positive and growth seeking; Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow |
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| emphasizes thinking, perception, problem solving, memory, language and information processing |
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| Neuroscience/Biopsychology Perspective |
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| Studies genetics and biological processes in the brain and other parts of the nervous system |
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| Studies natural selection, adaptation, and evolution of behavior and mental processes |
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| Sociocultural Perspective |
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| Focuses on social interaction and cultural determinants of behavior and mental processes |
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| Women and Minorities Perspective |
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| Sumner, Clark, Calkins, and Washburn made important contributions |
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| Ethical Guidelines of the science of psychology |
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| Research participants have rights such as informed consent, debriefing, and confidentiality. |
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| Participants should be aware of the nature of the study and significant factors that might influence their willingness to participate |
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| involves explaining the reasons for conducting the research and clearing up any misconceptions or concerns on the part of the participant |
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| Establishes Cause and effect. Components: Independent variables, dependent variables, & experimental controls |
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| Experimental research: What the experimenter manipulates |
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| Experimental Research: what the experimenter measures |
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| Experimental Research:(includes control group, experimental group, and extraneous variables) |
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| Cannot determine causes of behavior but can describe specifics |
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| Descriptive Research: describes behavior in its natural habitat without altering it |
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| Descriptive Research: Uses interviews or questionnaires on a sample of participants |
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| Descriptive Research: in-depth investigations |
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| Provides important research findings and predictions by examining how strongly two variables are related, and if it is +.- or not related at all |
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| Methods include brain dissection, lesioning, direct observation, case studies, electrical recording, and brain imaging |
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