Term
| What does the word "Renaissance" mean? And when did it occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the Renaissance a rebirth of? |
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Definition
| Antiquity and classics of the Greco-Roman civilization. |
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Term
| Why were the middle Ages considered to be "dark"? |
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Definition
| Because of their lack of classical culture. |
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Term
| What was the Renaissance centered around and what were some major characteristic of this time period? |
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Definition
| It was centered around greco-roman culture, art, individualism, and humanism. In Italy, city-state became centers for economic, political, and social life. Also a secular/materialistic world was emerging. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea of the well-rounded personality or universal person. |
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Term
| What main social class was involved in the Renaissance? What percentage of the population was included? |
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Definition
| Primarily, the elite or noble were characterized by the idealism of the Renaissance. Only 2-3% of the population were in this social class. |
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Term
| Why was Renaissance Italy so prosperous? |
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Definition
| Geographic location & trade. |
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Term
| What were the five majors powers dominated by the 15th century? |
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Definition
| Milan, Florence, Venice, Papal states, and Naples. (not a unified Italy) |
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Term
| What was the book of "Courtier" and who was its author? |
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Definition
| It was a fundamental handbook written by Baldassare Castiglione for aristocracy which described the ideal person to one whom had grace, character, and noble birth, involvement in military, a classical education, and experience in the arts. |
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Term
| Describe the third estate of the social classes. What percent of the population was included? |
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Definition
| Most were poor laborers who worked the land and had little to no power. Others were inhabitants of towns/cities. 85-90%. |
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Term
| Who was Cosimo de Medici? Where was he from? |
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Definition
| He was the wealthiest individual from florence. He took control of the Oligarchy, but maintained republican forms of government to mask his power. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person whose job was to maintain order. However, they were frequently assassinated. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person who negotiated among city-states. |
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Term
| Define Humanism? Who is known to be the father of humanism? |
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Definition
| Humanism is a form of education and culture based on the study of classic. The father of Italian humanism is Petrarch. |
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Term
| Who was Dante and what is he known for? |
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Definition
| Dante was an Italian vernacular writer who wrote "Divine Comedy"- a soul's progression into salvation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Petrarch was the father of Italian humanism. He was also an Italian vernacular writer known for writing sonnets inspired by his love for Laura, a married women. |
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Term
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Definition
| An Italian vernacular writer who wrote "Decameron" which was set during the Black Death and presents society form a secular point of view. |
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Term
| Who was Geoffrey Chaucer? |
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Definition
| He was an English vernacular writer who wrote "Canterbury Takes" which was a story told by 29 pilgrims from upper to lower class and criticized the church. |
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Term
| Who was Christine de Pisan? |
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Definition
| She was a French novelist who wrote "Book of the City of Ladies" which denounced that women needed to be controlled. |
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Term
| What was the revival of Platonism? |
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Definition
| A revival of Greek works by Plato. This was appealing due to the pleasing view of human nature. |
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Term
| Who was Pico del la Mirandola? |
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Definition
| He wrote "oration of the Dignity of Man" which discussed the unlimited human potential. |
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Term
| What was the Florentine Platonic Academy? Who was involved with it? |
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Definition
| An academy inspired by the works of Plato. Cosimo de Medici was a patron (wealthy or influential supporter) and commission the translation of Plato's dialogues by Marsilio Ficino. |
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Term
| in 1453, for what reason did Greek scholars flee to Florence? |
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Definition
| In 1453 Constantinople was sacked. |
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Term
| Describe slavery in the Renaissance. |
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Definition
| Slaves in the Renaissance were mostly girls who served as nursemaids. They came from the eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. |
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Term
| What was the Peace Of Lordi (1454)? |
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Definition
| A treaty that ended almost 50 years of fighting in Italy. |
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Term
| How did Spain and France come to fight over Italy? |
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Definition
| The Italian duke of Milan invited the French (felt isolated). The French saw how week Italy was and decided not to leave. Other Italian city-states turned to Spain for help but they too soon decided to take advantage of Italian weakness. Lasted 15 years. |
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Term
| Who eventually won dominance over Rome? |
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Definition
| The Spanish King Charles I. |
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Term
| Who was Pope Alexander VI? |
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Definition
| A corrupt pope who openly supported his sons and attempted to secure French favor in order to reestablish his power. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pope that succeeded Pope Alexander VI. He was called the "warrior pope" and had a secular papacy (which is an oxymoron). He fully secured the Papal States. |
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Term
| Who criticized Pope Julius II? |
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Definition
| Erasmus, author of "Julius Excluded from Heaven" |
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Term
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Definition
| Author of "The Prince" (1513). From his POV, a prince's attitude must be based on understanding of human nature (self-centeredness). Also, must act on behalf of the state and must keep morality out of equation. He was the founder of modern, secular politics. |
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Term
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Definition
| A french king who reestablished the royal army and levied taille (annual direst tax on land) |
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Term
| Who was Louis XI (1461-1483) |
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Definition
| French king known as "spider king". Typically called the founder of the french national state. he also attained parts of Burgundy and encouraged growth of industry and commerce. |
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Term
| What was the "War of the Roses"? |
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Definition
| An English civil war that broke out in 1450s. Lancaster(red) vs. York (white). In 1485 Henry Tudor defeated the last Yorkist King. |
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Term
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Definition
| An English King who worked to reduce internal disorder, encouraged commercial activities and avoided wars (as well as calling Parliment). He created the Court of Star Chamber and tried to reduce unfair tactics. |
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Term
| Which Spanish marriage was dynastic not political? |
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Definition
| That of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille. |
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Term
| Expand on the unity of Ferdinand and Isabella. |
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Definition
| Both kingdoms maintained separate governments. Had best army in Europe by 16th century. |
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Term
| Discuss Ferdinand and Isabella's involvement with the church. |
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Definition
| Recognized the importance of controlling church--- secured right to select the most powerful church official from the pope. |
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Term
| Who introduced the Spanish Inquisition in 1472, introducing the idea that "to be Spanish was to be Catholic"? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was Maximilan I's real success? |
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Definition
| His son Philip of Burgundy's marriage to Joanna, the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Their son, Charles, through a series of deaths, came to rule Hapsburg (English), Burgundian (French), and Spanish thrones. |
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Term
| Who was Johannes Gutenburg? |
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Definition
| Played significant role thanks to the Printing Press. Gutenburgs Bible was the 1st real book produced. This expanded the non-church official's reading public. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most influential of all Christian humanists. Believed that the latin edition of the Bible contained errors. Edited the Greek edition of the New Testament. Also wrote "julius Excluded from Heaven". |
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Term
| What was "The Praise of Folly"? |
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Definition
| Written by Erasmus in 1509. Satrical (humorous, yet effective criticism of the clergy). |
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Term
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Definition
| Close friend of Erasmus (humanist). Wrote "Utopia". He served King Henry VIII but refused to take Act of Supremacy which stated that King Henry VIII was head of church and state, and was beheaded. |
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Term
| Describe "The Statue of David" by Donatello (1386-1466). |
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Definition
| First free-standing nude statue since antiquity. Made of Bronze. Standing on Giant's head with weight shifted to one side. |
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Term
| What was the Primavera and who was it's creator? |
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Definition
| Painting by Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510). Name means spring. Mythological depicting Venus (goddess of love) with Cupid, Mercury, Flora, and the wind god. |
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Term
| Who painted "Birth of Venus" and what did it depict? |
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Definition
| Botticelli. It depicted Venus, the goddess of love being blown to shore by the wind god on a large seashell to a nymph. |
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Term
| Describe the painting "school of Athens". Who was it by? |
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Definition
| Raphael. Greco-roman architecture. Centering on Plato and Aristotle surrounded by what appears to be Alexander the Great, Socrates and Michaelangelo. |
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Term
| Describe the painting of "The Last Supper". Who was it by? |
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Definition
| Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519). Painted in groups of three to represent trinity. Eyes drawn to Jesus with Judas in the background. |
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Term
| Describe the "Mona Lisa". |
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Definition
| Painting by Leonardo Da Vinci. Painted in a pyramid, with accents of light and dark color so as to draw the eyes to the face. |
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Term
| Describe the "Statue of David" by Michaelangelo Buorarroti. |
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Definition
| Naked sculpture. Special attention to body assets, influenced by antiquity (shift in weight) made from marble, depicts David before Battle. |
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Term
| What are the differences between Donatello's statue of David and Michaelangelo's. |
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Definition
| Bronze vs marble. After vs before battle. |
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Term
| Describe the "Sisteen Chapel". |
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Definition
| Created by Michaelangelo who was commissioned by pope Julius II. Portrays biblical scenes. |
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Term
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Definition
| By Michaelangelo. Statue of Jesus after crucification in a young mother Mary's lap. |
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