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| a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem; contrasts with the usually speedier-but also more error prone-use of heuristics |
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| a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms |
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| the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set |
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is a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used. Karl Duncker defined as being a "mental block against using an object in a new way that is required to solve a problem." Experimental paradigms typically involve solving problems in novel situations in which the subject has the use of a familiar object in an unfamiliar context.
hem to make a specific item, as they can not move past the original intention of the object. |
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| representativeness heuristic |
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| judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information (gambler’s fallacy) |
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| estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness) we presume such events are common |
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| the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements |
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When things go back to the average
ex. if write a really good book, its hard to write a better book
-“Sophomore slump” – do worst than freshman year |
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| tendency for people to use previously determined starting points for making decisions. Ex: extremes pull down opinions of the middle. |
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