Term
| List the 5 primary functions of the skeletal system. |
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Definition
support protection storage of minerals and lipids blood cell production leverage |
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Term
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Definition
The skeletal system provides structural support for the entire body. Individual bones or groups of bones provide a framework for the attachment of soft tissues and organs. |
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Definition
| Many soft tissues and organs are surrounded by the skeletal elements. The ribs protect the heart and lungs, the skull encloses the brain, the vertebrae shield the spinal cord, and the pelvis cradles delicate digestive and reproductive organs. |
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Term
| 5 functions...storage of minerals and lipids |
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Definition
| holds important minerals such as calcium |
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Term
| 5 functions...blood cell production |
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Definition
| Red blood cells, white blood cells, and other blood elements are produced in red marrow, which fills the internal cavities of many bones. |
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Definition
| Many bones function as levers that can change the magnitude and direction of the forces generated by skeletal muscles. The movements produced range from the precise motion of a fingertip to changes in the position of the entire body. |
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Definition
| skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx (tail bone), ribs, and sternum. Axis of the body. |
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Definition
| 2 girdles (pectoral and pelvic), upper appendages (clavacles ::: collar bones), lower appendages (2 hip bones) |
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Term
| List the 6 different types of bones |
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Definition
Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones Sutural (wormian) bones |
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Term
| 6 types of bones...long bones |
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Definition
arm, forearm, thigh, leg, palms, soles, fingers, toes. Femur=largest and heaviest. |
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Term
| 6 types of bones...short bones |
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Definition
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Term
| 6 types of bones...flat bones |
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Definition
| roof of skull, sternum, ribs, scapulae |
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Term
| 6 types of bones...irregular bones |
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Definition
| spinal vertebrae, pelvic bones, several skull bones |
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Term
| 6 types of bones...sesamoid bones |
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Definition
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Term
| 6 types of bones...sutural (wormian) bones |
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Definition
| small, flat, irregularly shaped bones between flat bones of skull |
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Term
| List the 4 types of cells of osseous tissue |
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Definition
osteoprogenitor osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts |
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Term
| 4 types of osseous tissue cells...osteoprogenitor |
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Definition
| squamous stem cells divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts. |
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Term
| 4 types of osseous tissue cells...osteoblasts |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 types of osseous tissue cells...osteocytes |
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Definition
| are mature bone cells that account for most of the cell population. |
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Term
| 4 types of osseous tissue cells...osteoclasts |
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Definition
| cells that remove and recycle bone matrix |
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Term
| List the 7 parts of a typical long bone. |
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Definition
Periosteum Diaphysis Medullary cavity Endosteum Epiphysis and articular cartilage Epiphyseal plate/line Metaphysis |
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Term
List the 7 microscopic structures of a compact bone |
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Definition
Osteon Lamellae Haversian (central) canal Volkmann's (perforating) canal Lacunae Canaliculi Osteocytes |
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Term
| 7 microscopic structures of compact bone...osteon |
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Definition
| basic functional unit of mature compact bone |
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Term
| 7 microscopic structures of compact bone...lamellae |
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Definition
| form a series of nested cylinders around the central canal. |
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Term
| 7 microscopic structures of compact bone...Haversian (central) canal |
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Definition
| Surrounded by osteocytes arranged in concentric layers. Contains one or more blood vessels (normally a capillary and a venule, a very small vein) that carry blood to and from the osteon. |
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Term
| 7 microscopic structures of compact bone...Volkmann's (perforating) canal |
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Definition
| Extend roughly perpendicular to the surface |
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Term
| List the 6 microscopic structures of spongy bone |
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Definition
Trabeculae Lamellae Canaliculi Osteocytes Marrow cavity Endosteum |
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Term
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Definition
| A superficial layer of bone froms early in endochondral ossification. As a result, the medullary cavity gradually enlarges as the bone gets larger in diameter. |
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Term
Matrix of bone consists of 6 substances... |
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Definition
Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate & calcium hydroxide) Calcium carbonate, ions of sodium, magnesium, & fluoride Collagen fibers |
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Term
| Effects of exercise on bones. |
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Definition
| The more you exercise, the larger the bumps on your bones will get and the less you exercise the smaller the bumps will be. |
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Term
| 6 hormonal & nutritional effects on bone...calcium & phosphate salts. |
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Definition
| Normal bone growth and maintenance can't occur without a constant dietary source of calcium and phosphate salts. |
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Term
| 6 hormonal & nutritional effects on bone...calcitriol |
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Definition
| The hormone that is synthesized in the kidneys, that is essential for normal calcium and phosphate ion absorption in the digestive tract. |
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Term
| 6 hormonal & nutritional effects on bone...vitamins C, A, k, B |
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Definition
| Vitamin C is required for certain key enzymatic reactions in collagen synthesis, also stimulates osteoblast differentiation. Vitamin A stimulates osteoblast activity, important for normal bone growth in children. Vitamins K and B are required for the synthesis of proteins in normal bone. |
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Term
| 6 hormonal & nutritional effects on bone...growth hormone and thyroxine |
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Definition
Growth hormone-produced by the pituitary gland. Stimulates growth throughout the body. Thyroxine-produced by the thyroid gland (stimulates bone growth). Stimulates cell metabolism and increases the rate of osteoblast activity. |
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Term
| 6 hormonal and nutritional effects on bone...estrogens and androgens (testosterone) |
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Definition
| At puberty, rising levels of sex hormones stimulate osteoblasts to produce bone faster than the rate at which epiphyseal cartilage expands. |
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Term
| 6 hormonal and nutritional effects on bone...parathyroid hormone and calcitonin |
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Definition
parathyroid hormone: from the parathyroid gland. calcitonin: from the thyroid gland Both are important in the homeostatic control of calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids. |
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Term
| Discuss the skeleton as a calcium reserve. |
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Definition
| 99% of the calcium in the body is deposited in the skeleton. Calcium ions play a role in a variety of physiological processes. Calcium is particularly important to bothe the membranes and the intracellular activities of neurons and muscle cells, especially cardiac muscle cells. |
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Term
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Definition
A reduction in bone mass to a degree that compromises normal function. |
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Term
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Definition
| A childhood disorder that reduces the amount of calcium salts in the skeleton; typically characterized by a bow-legged appearance, because the leg bones bend under the body's weight. |
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Term
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Definition
| A softening of bone due to a decrease in its mineral content. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inadequate ossification, leading to thinner, weaker bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition involving weak, brittle bones as a result of a vitamin C deficiency. |
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