Term
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Definition
| capacity to do work, kinetic and potential |
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Term
First law of thermodynamics
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Definition
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, Can only change from one form to another
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Term
Second law of thermodynamics
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Definition
Entropy (disorder) is continuously increasing, Energy transformations proceed spontaneously to convert matter from a more ordered/ less stable form to a less ordered/ more stable form
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Term
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Definition
G = Energy available to do work
H = enthalpy, energy in a molecule’s chemical bonds
T = absolute temperature
S = entropy, unavailable energy
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Term
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Definition
Products have more free energy than reactants;Endergonic – end up with “stored energy”
Not spontaneous (requires input of energy |
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Term
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Definition
Products have less free energy than reactants; Exergonic – there is a “release” of energy
Spontaneous (may not be instant)
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Term
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Definition
Substances that influence chemical bonds in a way that lowers activation energy
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Term
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Definition
Ribose – 5 carbon sugar, Adenine, Chain of 3 phosphates; Key to energy storage, Bonds are unstable
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Term
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Definition
Most are protein, shape stabilizes a temporary association between substrates, not changed or consumed in reaction, Catalyzes a reaction
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Term
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Definition
Pockets or clefts for substrate binding, Applies stress to distort particular bond to lower activation energy (Induced fit)
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Term
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Definition
i.e. Ribozymes; Intramolecular catalysis – catalyze reaction on RNA molecule itself
Intermolecular catalysis – RNA acts on another molecule
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Term
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Definition
| substance that binds to enzyme and decreases its activity |
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Term
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Definition
Competes with substrate for active site
Methanol (formaldehyde&blindness) vs Ethanol
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Term
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Definition
Binds to enzyme at a site other than active site
Causes shape change that makes enzyme unable to bind substrate
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes exist in active and inactive forms |
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Term
| Most noncompetitive inhibitors... |
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Definition
| bind to allosteric site – chemical “on/off” switch |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to allosteric site and reduces enzyme activity |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to allosteric site and increases enzyme activity |
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Term
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Definition
Total of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism
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Term
Anabolic reactions / anabolism
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Definition
Expend energy to build up molecules (more subject to feedback inhibition)
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Term
Catabolic reactions/ catabolism
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Definition
Harvest energy by breaking down molecules (feedback = heat)
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Term
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Definition
End-product of pathway binds to an allosteric site on enzyme that catalyses first reaction in pathway;
Shuts down pathway so raw materials and energy are not wasted
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