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Ch. 5/ Ch.6/ Ch. 7
Lecture # 4 (Biosocial, Cognitive, & Psychosocial Development
40
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
12/29/2013

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Cards

Term
What is the definition of a norm?
Definition
average calculated from many individuals
Term
What is the average weight of an infant, 1 year old, and 2 year old?
Definition
infant: 7.5 lbs
1: 22.5 lbs or triple birth weight
2: 30 lbs
Term
How many hours a day does a baby sleep?
Definition
17
Term
What affects the sleep pattern of babies?
Definition
brain maturation, birth order, social environment, being well fed/full term
Term
Experience-expectant/Experience-dependent/Sensitive period
Definition
EE: brain functions that require certain basic common experiences ( which an infant can be expected to have) in order to develop normally
ED: Brain functions that depend on particular, variable experiences and that therefore may or may not develop in a particular infant.
SP: Times when particular kinds of development are primed to occur.
Term
Shaken Baby Syndrome
Definition
A life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, a motion that ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections.
Term
Sensation vs Perception
Definition
S:sense organs transduce stimulation from the environment; stimulation of sense organs
P: we select, organize & interpret information from our senses.
Term
Reflex
Definition
An involuntary response to a particular stimulus.
Term
Co-sleeping
Definition
bed sharing
Term
Neuron
Definition
nerve cell of the CNS that processes and transmits info
Term
Cortex
Definition
outer layer of brain that deals with thinking, feeling, sensing
Term
Which sense is the least mature at birth?
Definition
Seeing
Term
Binocular vision
Definition
The ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image. Absent at birth
Term
What are gross motor skills? Examples
Definition
Deliberate actions coordinating many parts of the body, producing large movements

crawling walking
Term
What are fine motor skills? Examples?
Definition
Small body movements, especially w/ hands & fingers

grasping pincer
Term
What is the purpose of immunization?
Definition
It primes the body’s immune system to defend against a specific contagious disease
Term
Why is breast-feeding beneficial?
Definition
the mother’s milk helps prevent almost every infant illness and allergy by providing antibodies. It reduces the risk of breast cancer for the mother and increases the mother-child bond.
Term
Cognition = ____
Definition
Thinking
Term
List the 4 cognitive processes
Definition
language
learning
memory
intelligence
Term
During Piaget's first stage, how do infants learn?
Definition
senses and motor actions
Term
Habituation
Definition
The process of getting used to an object or event through repeated exposure to it.
Term
INformation processing theory and what does it emphasize? What does it compare?
Definition
suggests children develop at a gradually increasing capacity for processing information.

It emphasizes how children manipulate information, monitor it, & strategize about it.

It compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data.
Term
Language, phonemes, infant-directed speech
Definition
Language is a form of communication, spoken, written, or signed, that is based on a system of symbols.
Phonemes are sounds that are the building blocks of language.
Infant-directed speech may help children learn language.
Term
Name and briefly describe 2 major language development theories.
Definition
Theory 1: Infants need to be taught: The core ideas of this theory define parents as expert teachers, although other caregivers can help, frequent repetition is instructive, especially when linked to daily life, and well-taught infants become well-spoken children.

Theory 2: Social impulses foster infant language: Contrary theory is language learning is innate and adults need not teach it. Norm Chomsky felt that language is too complex to be mastered merely through conditioning.
Term
Phonology, morphemes, syntax, semantics, pragmatics
Definition
language sounds
strings of sounds that make up words
words combined into phrases/sentences
word meanings/usage
word use in conversation
Term
What are the steps in language development between 2 months and a child’s 1st birthday?
Definition
2 months: cooing (vowel like sounds)
6 months: babbling (speech like sound with no meaning)
8-11 months: babbling includes intonation (rising or falling pitch)
first words appear around the first birthday
Term
Interactionists
Definition
emphasize contribution of both biology & experience in language development
Term
Basic emotions
Definition
universal & consist of subjective feeling, physiological change, & overt behavior.
Term
Define stranger wariness and separation anxiety. At what age does each develop?
Definition
Stranger wariness appears around 6-9 months and infants become wary of the presence of an unfamiliar adult.
Separation anxiety is an infant’s distress when a familiar caregiver leaves, most obvious between 9 & 14 months and intensifies by age 2.
Term
What is the difference between self-awareness and self-conscious emotions? Which one develops first?
Definition
Self-awareness” One’s realization that he or she is a distinct individual, whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people.
Self-conscious: (Complex) emotions such as pride, guilt, and embarrassment appear later. It also involves feelings of success when one’s standards or expectations are met & failure when they aren’t.

self awareness
Term
temperament
Definition
Behavioral styles that are fairly stable across situations & are biologically based
Term
Name and briefly describe the 3 main types of temperament.
Definition
Proximal parenting: caregiving practices that involve being physically close to a baby, with frequent holding and touching.

Distal parenting: Caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from a baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching.
Term
attachment
Definition
Enduring social-emotional relationships; relies upon infant’s growing perceptual and cognitive skills
Term
Define and briefly describe the 4 types of attachment.
Definition
Secure: baby may cry when mom leaves, but wants to be held by mom on her return.
Avoidant: baby is visibly upset when mom leaves & when she returns, baby ignores her.
Resistant: baby is upset when mom leaves & remains upset & angry when she returns.
Disorganizes/disoriented: baby confused when mom leaves & when she returns, doesn’t seem to understand what is happening.
Term
What are the 3 types of attachment adults have to their parents? Describe each.
Definition
Secure: describe childhood experiences objectively & value the impact of their parent-child relationship on development.
Dismissive: deny the value of childhood experiences & sometimes are unable to recall experiences but often idealize their parents.
Preoccupied: describe childhood experiences emotionally & often express anger or confusion regarding parents.
Term
List & describe the 2 main types of infant day care
Definition
Family: occurs in another caregiver’s home
Center: Place especially designed for that purpose
Term
Social referencing
Definition
in unfamiliar or ambiguous environment, infants look to parents for cues to interpret situation
Term
Display rules
Definition
culturally specific standards for appropriate expressions of emotion in a particular setting
Term
Goodness of fit
Definition
similarity of temperament and values that produces a smooth interaction b/w an individual and their social context
Term
Harry Harlow
Definition
interested in how human infants form strong and enduring ties to their mothers
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