Term
| trachea recieves air from (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| trachea is controlled by (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| trachea extends from (1) and goes into (1) |
|
Definition
from the cricoid cartilage into mediastinum
* remember its larynx then trachea |
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Term
|
Definition
| right and left primary pulmonary bronchi |
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Term
| trachea is lined by what epithelium |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium |
|
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Term
| trachea is reinforced by (1) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the submucosa of the trachea contains (1) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| why are the trachea cartilages C shaped vs O shaped? |
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Definition
| C shape of the tracheal cartilages allows food to pass through the esophagus during swallowing b/c it can expand |
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Term
| The adult human trachea has how many tracheal cartilages |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| fcn of tracheal cartilages (1) |
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Definition
| Strengthen and protect airway |
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Term
| the tracheal cartilages are ________ where trachea contacts esophagus |
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Definition
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Term
| Ends of each tracheal cartilage are connected by (2) |
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Definition
| An elastic ligament &trachealis muscle |
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Term
| Right and Left Primary Bronchi branch from the trachea at the (1) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an internal ridge separating the bronchi |
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Term
| which primary bronchus is larger in diameter? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which primary bronchus Descends at a steeper angle? |
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Definition
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Term
| why do most things end up in right primary bronchus when you are chocking? |
|
Definition
right primary bronchus:
is larger in diameter than left
&
descends at a steeper angle |
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Term
| Hilum of the Primary Bronchi def |
|
Definition
Where pulmonary nerves,
blood vessels,
lymphatics
enter lung |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| in a meshwork of connective tissue |
|
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Term
| The root of the lung is made up of (3), located in the (1) |
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Definition
Complex of connective tissues, nerves, and vessels
in hilum |
|
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Term
| The root of the lung is anchored to (1) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Left and right lungs are located |
|
Definition
| in left and right pleural cavities |
|
|
Term
| Inferior portion of each lung is the (1) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the base of each lung rests on |
|
Definition
superior surface of diaphragm
(aka above diaphragm) |
|
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Term
| Lobes of the lungs are seperated by (1) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the right lung has # lobes |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Superior, middle, and inferior |
|
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Term
| lobes of R. lung are seperated by (2) |
|
Definition
| horizontal and oblique fissures |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| number of lobes in L lung |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| lobes of L lung are seperated by (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which lung is displaced upward by liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cardiac notch is in which lung? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the cardiac notch formed? |
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Definition
| when the left lung Is displaced leftward by the heart |
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Term
| The most superior portion of the lung is called the _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| the pulmonary veins carry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxygenated blood goes to the |
|
Definition
| left atrium (systemic cycle) |
|
|
Term
The Bronchial Tree
Is formed by |
|
Definition
primary bronchi and their branches
(secondary, tertiary/segemental, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles) |
|
|
Term
| Extrapulmonary Bronchi def |
|
Definition
| are bronchi outside of lungs |
|
|
Term
| which bronchi are Extrapulmonary Bronchi?(1) |
|
Definition
| The L and R primary bronchi |
|
|
Term
| Intrapulmonary Bronchi def |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which bronchi are intrapulmonary Bronchi(4)? |
|
Definition
Branches :
secondary bronchi (lobar bronchi)
tertiary/segemental bonchi
terminal bronchioles,
respiratory bronchioles) ) |
|
|
Term
| A primary Bronchus branches to form (1) |
|
Definition
| secondary bronchi (lobar bronchi) |
|
|
Term
Secondary Bronchi
•Branch to form (1) |
|
Definition
| tertiary bronchi (segmental bronchi) |
|
|
Term
| Each segmental bronchus Supplies air to (1) |
|
Definition
| a single bronchopulmonary segment |
|
|
Term
| # of Bronchopulmonary Segments in R lung |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| # of Bronchopulmonary Segments in L lung |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The walls of primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi
Contain ______ cartilage
_______ bronchiolar smooth muscle
give more or less |
|
Definition
progressively LESS cartilage
more bronchiolar smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
Compare The walls of primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi:
list in order of highest to lowest in terms of cartilage & smooth muscle |
|
Definition
Cartilage:
primary
secondary
tertiary/segmental
Smooth muscle:
tertiary/segmental
secondary
primary |
|
|
Term
| Muscle contraction ___________ airway constriction and resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of bronchial walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Causes constriction of bronchioles
breathing difficulty |
|
|
Term
Bronchitis is treated with (2)
give general name + ex |
|
Definition
Vasodilator: Albuterol
Fever: Acetaminophen or ibuprofen |
|
|
Term
| Each tertiary/segemental bronchus branches into (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bronchioles branch into (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One tertiary bronchus forms about # terminal bronchioles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bronchioles structure (2)
cartilage?
smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
no cartilage
lots of smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| the bronchioles are under the control of (1) |
|
Definition
| Autonomic nervous system Control |
|
|
Term
| how does Autonomic nervous system affect lungs (3) |
|
Definition
1.Regulates smooth muscle
2•Controls diameter of bronchioles
3•Controls airflow and resistance in lungs |
|
|
Term
| Dilation of bronchial airways is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when bronchioles are dilated there lumen size (decreases/increases) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dilation of bronchial airways (bigger lumen) stimulated by (1) |
|
Definition
| sympathetic ANS activation of the beta-two receptors |
|
|
Term
| Dilation of bronchial airways causes resistance to (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bronchoconstriction caused by(2) |
|
Definition
Parasympathetic ANS activation
OR
•Histamine release (allergic reactions) (to stop inhaling more allergen) |
|
|
Term
| histamine release is done by what cell types? (2) |
|
Definition
mast cells
basophils (think b for benadyrl) |
|
|
Term
| An acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| asthma effects on respiratory system (2) |
|
Definition
Excessive stimulation and bronchoconstriction
airflow severely restricted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Divisions of the lung created by trabecular partitions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fibrous connective tissue from root of lung that divide lobes of lung into smaller parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supportive tissues and lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
| what Divides lobes of lung into increasingly smaller compartments (1)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each terminal bronchIOLE delivers air to(1) |
|
Definition
a single pulmonary lobule terminal
(the smaller lobes in lungs) |
|
|
Term
| Each pulmonary lobule recives blood by (2) |
|
Definition
| pulmonary arteries and veins |
|
|
Term
| Each terminal bronchiole branches to form (1) |
|
Definition
| several respiratory bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| beginning of respiratory portion takes place (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Respiratory bronchioles are connected to alveoli by (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alveolar ducts end at (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common chambers connected to many individual alveoli are called? (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each alveolus concists of (2) |
|
Definition
extensive network of capillaries
which are Surrounded by elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
| the aveoli mare made up of what epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the 2 cell types founf in Alveolar Epithelium |
|
Definition
pneumocytes type I
&
pneumocytes type II |
|
|
Term
| pneumocytes type I aka (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the cell type in Alveolar Epithelium that Can’t replicate and are easily damaged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are pneumocytes type I delicate? |
|
Definition
| they are thin to allow gas exchange in alveoli |
|
|
Term
| which cell type covers t 97% of the alveolar surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which alveolar cell type is less abundant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alveolar Epithelium are Patrolled by (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alveolar macrophages aka (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pneumocytes type II aka (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pneumocytes type II fcn (2) |
|
Definition
Can replicate and produce type I cells
produce surfactant |
|
|
Term
| pneumocytes type II are Normally found (1) |
|
Definition
| alveolar septal junctions |
|
|
Term
| which alveolar cell type is more abundant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the oily secretion that Coats alveolar surfaces (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phospholipids and proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where Surfactant stored before you are born (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Surfactant is first relaeased |
|
Definition
| when infant first breathes |
|
|
Term
| surfactant is produced by |
|
Definition
| pneumocytes type II (septal cells) |
|
|
Term
| __________ are the sites of gas exchange within the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| damage to septal cells means (3) |
|
Definition
less surfactant produced
less expansion of aveoli
less gas exchange
remember low aveoli = alveoli collapse |
|
|
Term
| who are more at risk for respiratory distress? |
|
Definition
| a male infant born before 35 weeks produces insufficient surfactant in lungs b/c surfactant production also depends on testosterone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Difficult respiration Due to alveolar collapse |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory Distress is caused when |
|
Definition
| pneumocytes type II do not produce enough surfactant |
|
|
Term
| The Respiratory Membrane def |
|
Definition
| The thin membrane of alveoli where gas exchange takes place |
|
|
Term
| The Respiratory Membrane is made of what kind of epithelium (1) |
|
Definition
| simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Three Layers of the Respiratory Membrane are |
|
Definition
1.Squamous epithelial cells lining the alveolus
2.Endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary
3.Fused basement membranes (basal lamina) between the alveolar and endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
describe the Diffusion
Across respiratory membrane (1) and give 2 reasons |
|
Definition
very rapid b/c distance is short
& Gases (O2 and CO2) are lipid soluble
=can enter Plasma membrane w/o a protein carrier |
|
|
Term
| Inflammation of Lobules in the lungs is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the effects of pneumonia (2) |
|
Definition
Inflammation causes fluid to leak into alveoli
function of respiratory membrane is comprimised |
|
|
Term
pleural effusion
pneumonia |
|
Definition
is leakage of fluid into pleural cavity
(cavity that surrounds lungs)
leakage of fluid into alveoli |
|
|
Term
| blood pressure in the pulmonary (lungs) circuit is usually (1 value) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when Pulmonary vessels are easily blocked by blood clots, fat, or air bubbles |
|
|
Term
| The Pleura Consists of what two layers |
|
Definition
1. Parietal pleura
2. Visceral pleura |
|
|
Term
| what fluid Lubricates space between the two layers of the pleura? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain and inflammation when pleural fluid is unable to prevent friction between the opposing pleural surfaces |
|
|
Term
put these in order
1.Secondary bronchus
2.Bronchioles
3.Alveolar ducts
4.Primary bronchus
5.Respiratory bronchiole
6.Alveoli
7.Terminal bronchiole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which lung has more Bronchopulmonary Segments? |
|
Definition
|
|
