Term
Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis:
What systems and behaviors control fluid and electrolyte balance? |
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Definition
Systems:
1)Renal System
2)Respiratory System
3)Cardiovascular System
Behaviors:
1)Drinking |
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Term
Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis:
Pulmonary and cardiovascular compensations are more (Blank) than renal compensation. |
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Definition
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Term
Water Balance:
Where does most water intake come from? |
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Definition
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Term
Water Balance:
The largest water loss is (Blank) in urine. |
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Definition
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Term
Water Balance:
Give three additional means of water loss. |
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Definition
1) Lost through feces
2) Lost via evaporation from the skin
3) Lost via exhaled humidified air |
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Term
Water Balance:
Renal water reabsorption (Blank) water but cannot (Blank) water lost from the body. |
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Definition
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Term
Water Balance:
What must happen to produce dilute urine? |
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Definition
| The nephron must reabsorb solute without reabsorbing water. |
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Term
Water Balance:
What must happen to produce highly concentrated urine? |
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Definition
| The nephron must reabsorb water without reabsorbing solute. |
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Term
Water Balance:
Filtrate leaving the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle is (Blank). |
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Definition
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Term
Water Balance:
The final concentration of urine depends on what? |
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Definition
| The water permeability of the collecting duct. |
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Term
Water Balance:
Where does the hormone vasopressin originate? |
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Definition
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Term
Water Balance:
What does the hormone vasopressin do? |
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Definition
| It controls collecting duct permeability to water in a graded fashion. |
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Term
Water Balance:
What is the level of water permeability when vasopressin is absent? |
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Definition
| Water permeability is nearly zero. |
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Term
Water Balance:
What does vasopressin cause distal nephron cells to do? |
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Definition
| It causes distal nephron cells to insert aquaporin water pores in their apical membrane. |
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Term
Water Balance:
Name to factors in the stimulation of vasopressin release from the posterior pituitary? |
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Definition
1) An increase in ECF osmolarity
2) A decrease in blood pressure. |
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Term
Water Balance:
Osmolarity is monitored by (Blank). |
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Definition
| hypothalamic osmoreceptors |
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Term
Water Balance:
Blood pressure is sensed by receptors in the (Blank). |
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Definition
| Carotid and Aortic bodies. |
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Term
Water Balance:
Blood volume is sensed by receptors in the (Blank). |
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Definition
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Term
Water Balance:
What is the function of the Loop of Henle? |
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Definition
| It is a countercurrent multiplier that creates high osmolarity in the medullary interstitial fluid by actively transporting Na+, Cl-, and K+ out of the nephron. |
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Term
Water Balance:
What is the high medullary osmolarity necessary for in the Loop of Henle? |
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Definition
| It's necessary for formation of concentrated urine as filtrate flows through the collecting duct. |
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Term
Water Balance:
What do the vasa recta capillaries do? |
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Definition
| They carry away water leaving the nephron tubule so that the water does not dilute the medullary interstitium. |
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Term
Water Balance:
What does urea do? |
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Definition
| Contributes to the high osmolarity in the renal medulla. |
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Term
Sodium Balance and ECF Volume:
The total amount of (Blank) in the body is a primary determinant of ECF volume. |
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Definition
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Term
Sodium Balance and ECF Volume:
What does aldosterone do? |
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Definition
| Increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion |
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Term
Sodium Balance and ECF Volume:
What acts as the primary cells (P cells) of the distal nephron? |
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Definition
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Term
Sodium Balance and ECF Volume:
What does aldosterone enhance? |
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Definition
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Term
Sodium Balance and ECF Volume:
What increases the open time of Na+ and K+ leak channels? |
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Definition
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Term
Sodium Balance and ECF Volume:
What stimulates the synthesis of new pumps and channels of the distal nephron? |
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Definition
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Term
Sodium Balance and ECF Volume:
Aldosterone secretion can be controlled directly at (Blank). |
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Definition
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Term
Sodium Balance and ECF Volume:
Increased ECF K+ (Blank) aldosterone secretion, but increased ECF osmolarity (Blank) it. |
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Definition
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Term
Sodium Balance and ECF Volume:
What does angiotensin II do/ |
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Definition
| Stimulates aldosterone secretion. |
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Term
Sodium Balance and ECF Volume:
Describe the process for synthesizing angiontensin II. |
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Definition
| Granular cells in the kidney secrete renin, which converts angiotensinogen in the blood to angiotensin I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II. |
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Term
Sodium Balance and ECF Volume:
The stimuli for the release of renin are related either directly or indirectly to (Blank). |
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Definition
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Term
Sodium Balance and ECF Volume:
The stimuli for the release of renin are related either directly or indirectly to (Blank). |
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Definition
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Term
Sodium Balance and ECF Volume:
Name the additional affects of angiotensin II that raise blood pressure. |
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Definition
1) Increased vasopressin secretion
2) Stimulation for thirst
3) Vasoconstriction
4) Activation of the cardiovascular control center |
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Term
Sodium Balance and ECF Volume:
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and Brain Natriuretic Peptide do what? |
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Definition
| Enhance Na+ excretion and urinary water loss by increasing GFR, inhibiting tubular reabsorption of NaCl, and inhibiting the release of renin, aldosterone, and vasopressin. |
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Term
Potassium Balance:
Potassium homeostasis keeps plasma K+ concentrations in a (Blank) range. (Blank 2x) cause problems with excitable tissues, especially the heart. |
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Definition
1) Narrow
2) Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia |
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Term
Behavioral Mechanisms in Salt and and Water Balance:
What triggers thirst? What relieves it? |
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Definition
1) Hypothalamic osmoreceptors
2) Drinking |
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Term
Behavioral Mechanisms in Salt and and Water Balance:
Salt appetite is triggered by (Blank 2x) |
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Definition
1) Aldosterone
2) Angiotensin |
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Term
Integrated Control of Volume and Osmolarity:
Homeostatic compensations for changes in salt and water balance follow the (Blank). |
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Definition
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Term
Integrated Control of Volume and Osmolarity:
Fluid and solute added to the body must be (Blank). Fluid and solute lost from the body must be (Blank) |
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Definition
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Term
Acid-Base Balance:
pH affects (Blank). |
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Definition
| intracellular proteins, such as enzymes and membrane channels. |
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Term
Acid-Base Balance:
The biggest challenges to body pH are: |
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Definition
1) Acid intake from foods
2) Acid production by the body's metabolic processes. |
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Term
Acid-Base Balance:
What is the the most significant source of acid, how so? |
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Definition
| CO2 from respiration, because it combines with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3 is converted to H+ (acidic) and HCO3-) |
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Term
Acid-Base Balance:
Name four ways the body copes with changes in pH. |
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Definition
1) using buffers
2) ventilation
3) renal secretion
4) reabsorption of H+ or HCO3- |
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Term
| What is the most important extracellular buffer of the body, how so? |
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Definition
1) Bicarbonate produced from CO2
2) It buffers against organic acids produced by metabolism. |
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Term
Acid-Base Balance:
What does ventilation do regarding the acid-base balance, how so? |
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Definition
1) Corrects disturbances in the acid-base balance
2) Because changes in plasma CO2 affect both H+ content and the HCO3- content of the blood. |
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Term
Acid-Base Balance:
An increase in PCO2 (Blank) central chemoreceptors. An increase in plasma H+ (Blank) carotid and aortic chemoreceptors. Increased ventilation (Blank) CO2 and (Blank) plasma H+. |
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Definition
1) Stimulates
2) Stimulates
3) Excretes
4) Decreases |
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Term
Acid-Base Balance:
What occurs in acidosis? |
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Definition
1) The kidneys secrete H+
2) Reabsorbs HCO3- |
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Term
Acid-Base Balance:
What occurs in alkalosis? |
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Definition
1) The kidneys secrete HCO3-
2) Reabsorb H+ |
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Term
Acid-Base Balance:
What for are intercalated discs in the collecting ducts responsible? |
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Definition
| The fine regulation of acid-base balance. |
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