Oregon

Treaty

• US awarded all of today's Oregon, Washington & Idaho
• US awarded parts of Wyoming and Montana

TREATY OF

GUADALUPE HIDALGO 

• Feb. 1848
• US awarded California and New Mexico (which included parts of Colorado and Wyoming

Wilmot

Proviso

• David Wilmot
• Pensilvania Democrat
• Proposed an amendment (proviso)
• Abolishing slavery or involuntary military servitude in any territory which was gained from Mexico 

Prigg

v

Pennsylvania

Supreme Court ruled that enforcement of the figitive slave clause in the constitution was not realized as a "state" obligation but a "federal" obligation

Uncle

Tom's

Cabin

• Harriet Beecher Stowe
• Displayed struggles of slaves and their families
• Described a mother running to freedom across the frozen Ohio River, child in hand
• Sold one million copies within within one year
• Second most next to the Bible

Harriet

Tubman

• Virginian
• Enslaved & escaped
• Helped / led approximately 300 slaves to freedom
  • including some of her own family
• Infuriated Planters, placed a $40k reward for her capture

Franklin

Pierce

• New Hampshire
• Speaker of state legislator
• Senator
• Soldier in Mexican War
• 14th President of the United States

Kansas-Nebraska

Act

• Exposed conflicting interpretations of popular sovreignty
• Missouri Compromise wasn't in effect in New England or Kansas, settlers could establish a slave system

Republican

Party

• Whigs & Democrats
• Antislavery
• Free soldiers and other reformers

Know-Nothings

• American Party
• Original members answered every question "I know nothing"

"Bleeding Kansas"

• Abolitionists & religious groups sent armed reinforcements to establish slavery and prevent "northern hordes" from stealing Kansas
• Conflicts of bloodshed talked about "bleeding Kansas"

Lecompton

Constitution

• Southern, pro-slavery advocates in Kansas
• Protected slaveholding
• Bill of Rights (excluded blacks)

John

Brown

• Conneticut
• Man of Action
• Abolitionist
• Armed Insurrection
• Led Righteous Crusade

Southern

Succession

• Southern broke links with the rest of the Union when Abraham won the election of 1860 without recieving a single electoral vote South of the Mason Dixon Line

Fort

Sumter

• In Charleston harbor
• Supply ship issued by Lincoln, ordered to obtain a surrender or to attack
• Eventually the Conferderates surrended
• Zero Casualities

Popular

Sovreignty

• Political Doctrine
• Provided federa; territorial lands to decide which they would be labled a "free state" or a "slave state."

First Battle

of

Bull Run

• General McDowell led 30,000 Union troops in an attack on on General Beauregard and his 22,000 Confederate troops.
• Confederate reinforcements (# of 9,000) came to their aid
• Stonewall Jackson earns his nickname. His company stood "like a stonewall"

General

McClellan

• Issued command over the army by Lincoln
• Better orginizer and trainer than an actual fighter
• Spent fall and winter training and prepping

"Anaconda Plan"

• Union implemented southern ports as a blockade to capture the Mississippi River
• Strangled the Confederacy as an anaconda would its prey

Monitor

v

Merrimack

• March 1862
• Monitor: Union warship
• Merrimack: Union warship seized by the Confederacy
• First battled of the coast of Virginia
• Start of new era in naval design

Ulysses

S.

Grant

• Union Commander
• Saw importance in Fort Henry and Fort Donnelson which guarded Tennessee and Cumberland
• Seized the forts in ten days

Battle

of

Shiloh

• First of the bloody battles
• The Confedeartes attacked early and often, led by Gen Albert Johnson, held advantage until Gen. Johnson was shot while on his horse, power shifted, North won 
• Death Toll: 24,000 (more than all previous US wars)
  • North: 13,000 casualties
  • South: 11,000 casualties
• Grant "a field as far as the eye could see, you could walk across it without you feet touching the ground."

Jefferson

Davis

• Kentucky
• first and only President of the Confederacy
  • The Conferate States of America
• Private Letters
• Relationship with General Lee

Battle

of

Antietam

• Sharpsburg, Maryland
• Bloodiest (single) day of the war
• 5,000 died
• 18,000 wounded
• Lee was able to retreat with what was left of his troops

Walt

Whitman

• DC
• Poet
• Volunteer nurse
• "comforted" patients
• "The genius of the US is not best or most often seen in its executives or legislatures, but always most in the common people"

Horace

Greeley

• New York Tribune Editor
• "The Prayer of twenty Million"
• Challenged Lincoln to execute laws more efficiently
• Lincoln said he would do anything to save the Union, whether that was freeing all the slave, some or none.

Emancipation

Proclamation

Two Part

• First Part: Lincoln invoked his powers as Commander and Chief
• Second Part: "all persons held as slaves shall be then, thenceforward and forever free"

General

William

T

Sherman

• Union General, soon had brought total war to the South
• "Keep the war South until they are not only ruined, exhausted, but humbled in pride and spirit
• U. Grant equipped him w/100,000 troops for a venture deep into the South
• With supply lines cut off, led 60,000 troops "straight to the sea" while living off the land, destroying confederate resources along the way, 60mi wide / 200mi long path

NYC

Draft Riots

Violent disturbances in NYC over the rights of the

government being able to initiate a military draft 

Appomattox

• Sherman led talented veterans
• "Conquer this Rebellion or Die"
• Confederate General Robert Johnson said of the Union troops- "No such army since the days of Julius Caesar." 

William

H

Seward

• NY
• Govenor
• Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson
• Arranged purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 (minority in favor) million, convinced all of its economic potential  

Thirteenth

Amendment

• Abolished involuntary servitude throughout the US
• Congress could pass legislation and force it by "appropriate legislation"
• "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude...shall exist within the United States."
• Formally abolishing slavery in the United States

FIFTEENTH

AMENDMENT

• Granted African American men the right to vote
  • "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

Wade- Davis

Bill

• Senators
  • Benjamin Wade (OH)
  • Henry Davis (MD)
• unsuccessful attempt by Radical Republicans and others in the U.S. Congress to set Reconstruction policy before the end of the Civil War
• "majority" of white males demanded in                          creating a new government
• "iron cloth" oath for the right to vote

Freedmen's

Bureau

• Unprecidented agency of social uplift necessitated by the ravages of the war (glorified welfare agency)
• Supervised all relief and educational activities relating to refugees and freedmen
• Also assumed custody of confiscated lands or property in the former Confederate States, border states, District of Columbia, and Indian Territory
• Discontinued in 1872

Field Order

Number 15

• General Sherman
• Confiscated 400,000 acres of land along the Atlantic coast of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida
• Dividing of it into 40-acre parcels, 
  • Where approximately 18,000 freed slave families and other Blacks then living in the area.

Sharecropping

Farmers kept part of their crop and gave the rest

to the landowner while living on the property

Andrew

Johnson

• Tennessee
• Antebellum Politics
• No formal education
• Held five political offices in TN during his twenties
• Unionist
• Owned slaves
• Pardon Policy
• "The Constitution as it is and the Union as it was"

Johnson's

Pardon

Policy

Black

Codes

• Compelled former slaves to...
  • carry passes
  • observe/obey a curfew
  • live in housing of landowners

KKK

• Ku Klux Klan
• Started in Tennessee
• Secret Veterans
• Spread through the South
• Violent against minorities, especially African Americans

Carpetbaggers

&

Sandbaggers

• Carpetbaggers: propaganda denounced, white, males from the North

• Scalawags: unprincipled group of traitorous opportunists, moniker for southern whites who supported Reconstruction

Slaughterhouse

Cases

• Began in Lousiana
• First Supreme Court interpretation of the 14th Amendment
• Pivotal case in early civil rights law
• "privileges or immunities"

Election of 1876

• Canidates
  • Rutherford B. Hayes (R)
  • Samuel J. Tilden (D)
• Both Sides freudulently claiming electoral votes from Louisiana, South Carolina and Florida
• Hayes elected

US

v

Crickshaft

Overruled conviction under the Enforcement Act

of Lousiana whites who attacked a group of

African Americans

Comproomise

of

1850

• Sectional Dispute: 80,000 Americans migrated to CA, TX boundry, NM and UT
• How it was reached: Henry Clay and Frederick Douglas brought it to a vote, Clay was absent from the vote due to illness, North and South different bills
• Results
  1. CA became a free state
  2. TX boundries set to present lines
  3. NM &  UT: popular sovreighnty ($10mil compensated to Mexico)
  4. Fugitive Slave Law strengthened
  5. Slave Trade abolished in DC

DRED SCOTT

DECISION

• Aimed to for African Americans to be                             viewedas US citizens able to sue another (white male)

• Declared Scott was not a citizen & therefore could not sue
• African Americas were crushed realizing founders never meant for blacks to become a citizens
  • Shut door on hope
• Slavery Expansion, stated US had no authority to prohibit

KANSAS-NEBRASKA

ACT

• Provisions:
  • Conflicting interpretations of popular sovreighnts, 
  • Created KS and NB territories
  • Let settlers make their own decision on
  • Extended westward movement; inserting the transcontinental railroad
• Consequences:
  • giving southerners the green-light for expansion of large enough numbers to continue their slave system

HOW THE CIVIL WAR AFFECTED

SOUTHERN GOVERNMENT

• Rebellion or Revolution: established a "genuine" nation
• Ideology of Nationalism
• The Confederacy viewed as true legacy of the American Revolution
  • The Confederate State of America:                             i. SC ii. MS iii. FL iv. AL v. GA vi LA
    

               vii. TX viii. VA ix. AR. x. TN xi. NC

NORTHERN ECONOMY

DURING THE CIVIL WAR

• Inflation
• Consumer prices rose approximately of 76%
• Some Cotton mills made record-setting
• Union war efforts were financed
• Industries: factory system, ex: weapons
• Controlled transportation: roads, railroads & canals
• Union Pacific Railroad & Central Pacific Railroad
  • Each accumulated approximately 20 million acres
  • Each recieved approximate;y $60 million in loans

RECONSTRUCTION PLAN:

RADICALS CRITISISM

&

PLACING BLAME FOR FAILURE

• Johnson...for executions of Radical leaders (why not guy)
• Fast transition from obsceurity to power 
• Denied racial and political advancement
• Confederates awarded seats in US Congress
• Radicals (Republicans) brought civic vision
• Everyone to blame