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| the action of processes that causes bedrock near the surface to disintegrate into regolith |
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| parent material/ original rock |
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| physical/ mechanical weathering |
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| disintegration of rock into smaller fragments; same mineral composition; increases surface area of rock |
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| exfoliation; form of physical weathering where erosion removes overlying rock layers |
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| creates type of jointing called sheeting; seen on exfoliation domes |
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| decomposition of rock resulting from mineral alteration processes |
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| chemical reaction between minerals in a rock and the hydrogen in rain water |
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| chemical union of free oxygen with metallic elements in minerals |
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| most commonly due to the work of weak solutions of carbonic acid dissolving certain rocks; dissolves particularly limestone |
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| downhill movement created by gravity |
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| slopes that are mantled/covered with regolith collects at foot of the slope as __________ |
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| gradual downhill movement of soil and regolith very slowly |
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| rapid events of water, sediment, and debris cascades down slopes and valleys |
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| slopes of erupting volcanoes |
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| heaping up regolith material |
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| refers to distinctive landforms and processes that take place in arctic/ tundra environtments (with strong annual weather cycles); Highly related to freezing/ thawing of water |
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| mixing of materials from various soil horizons |
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| human activity disturbs permafrost surface cover leading to thermal erosion; permafrost melts to greater depth, causing soil above to collapse leading to thermokarst depressions and ground subsides |
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