Alexander Hamilton

(pp.145-151)

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Textbook Definition: Alexander Hamilton, who stands beside the president, served as Washington's secretary of the treasury.

Sentence: Hamilton was elected to represent New York in Congress after war.

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George Wahington

(pp.145-148)

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Textbook Definition: On the far right stands George Washington, who had been lured out of retirement to serve as the nation's first president.

Sentence: When Washington became president in 1789, he made Knox his scretary of war.

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Thomas Jefferson

(p. 145)

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Textbook Defintion: Thomas Jefferson, who stands behind Knox, served as secretary of state.

Sentence: Once he was established as a planter, Jefferson entered Virginia politics and also drafted the Declaration of Independence.

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John Adams

(p. 146)

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Textbook Definition: Vice President John Adams pointed out that European heads of government had titles like "Your Excellency" that showed respect for their office.

Sentence: The federalists supported John Adams, who appealed to lawyers,merchants, shipowners, and businesspeople in the North.

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Inauguration

Textbook Definition: A formal ceremony to mark the beginning of something, such as a president's term of office

Sentence: After his inauguration, Washington addressed both houses of Congress

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Executive Branch

(p.146)

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Textbook Definition: Next, Congress turned to the task of creating executive departments.

Sentence: As you learned in Chapter 9, the heads of the executive departments.

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Whiskey Rebellion

(p.147)

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Textbook Definition: The Whiskey Rebellion was a serious challenge to the new nation's ability to enforce its laws.

Sentence: Hamilton and Washington saw the Whiskey Rebellion as a threat to the authority of the national government.

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French Revolution

(p.146)

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Textbook Definition: The leaders of the French Revolution dreamed of building a nation based on"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity," or brotherhood.

Sentence: The Republicans saw the French Revolution as part of a great crusade for democracy.

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Democracy

(p. 153)

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Textbook Definition: Republicans favored democracy over any other form of government.

Sentence: Republicans believed that democracy was the best government because it was one that governed the least.

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Federalists

(p. 149-151)

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Textbook Definition: The Federalist Party appeared first during the debates over the ratification of the Constitution.

Sentence: Most Federalist shared Hamilton's view that people were basically selfish and out for themselves. 

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Anti-Federalist

(p. 152-154)

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Textbook Definition: Opponents of the Constituition.

Sentence: The Anti-Federalist complained that the the paln listed the powers of the government, but not the righs of the people.

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Republicans

(p. 152-154)

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Textbook Definition: Hamilton's success in getting his plans through Congress alarmed Thomas Jefferson and his fellow Republicans.

 Sentence: Republicans favored an economy based on agriculture.

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Elastic Clause

(p. 151)

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Textbook Definition: He pointed out that the "elastic clause" allowed Congress to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper" for carrying out its listed powers.

Sentence: The power known as the "elastic clause" gives Congress the flexibility needed to do its job. 

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National Bank

(p. 150-151;153)

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Textbook Definition:  Next, Hamilton asked Congress to establish a national bank.

Sentence: In their view, the national bank was not only unconstitutional , but anti-farmer. 

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Human Nature

(pp. 149, 152)

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Textbook Definition: Hamilton's view of human nature was shaped by his wartime experiences.

Sentence: Jefferson's view of human nature was much more hopeful than Hamilton's.

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Alien Acts

(p.155)

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Textbook Definition: In fact , the real purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts was to make life difficult fot the federalists' revivals, the Republicans.

Sentence: Three of the laws, the Alien Acts, were aimed at aliens.

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Sedition Acts

(p.155)

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Textbook Definition: Meanwhile, Federalist in Congress passed four controversial laws known as the Alien and Sedition Acts.

Sentence: In fact, the real purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts was to make life difficult for the the Federalists' rivals, the Republicans.

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Nullify

(p. 156)

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Textbook Definition: To refuse to recognize a federal law.

Sentence: States, therefore had a duty to nullify the laws-that is , to declare them to be without legal force.

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States' Rights

(p. 156)

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Textbook Definition: All rights kept by the states under the Constitution.

Sentence: Supporters of states' rights sometimes argued that states were not obliged to honor federal laws that they believed violated the Constitution.

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Twelfth Amendment 

(P. 158)

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Textbook Definition: In 1804, the Twelfth Amendment was added to the Constitution to prevent ties.

Sentence: The Twelfth Amendment calls for the Electoral College to cast seperate ballots for president and vice president.

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Cabinet

(p. 146)

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Textbook Definition: The heads of the executive departments became known as the president's cabinet.

Sentence: Jefferson, Hamilton, and Knox were part of the president's cabinet.

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Excise Tax

(p. 147)

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Textbook Definition: An excise tax is a tax on the production or sale of a product.

Sentence: in 1791, Congress finally agreed to place an excise tax on whiskey and other "luxury" goods, such as carriages.

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National Debt

(p. 150-151)

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Textbook Definition: The new nation needed to pay national debts that Congress and the states had piled up during the Revolutionary War.

Sentence:In 1790, Hamilton presented Congress with a plan to pay off all national debts as quick as possible.

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Brittish "bootlickers"

(p. 153)

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Textbook Definition: For this change of heart, a Republican newspaper branded the Federalists "Brittish bootlickers."

Sentence: Since most Federalists then turned against the new French Republic and sided with Brittain, they were called bootlickers

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Charles Pinckney

(p.157)

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Textbook Definition: Charles Pinckney of South Carolina was selected to run for vice president,

Sentence: With Charles Pinckney as president, Hamilton believed that he would be able to personally guide the the United States into the new country.

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