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A French representative council of townspeople, clergy, and nobles. It caused deepened divisions between these groups. The townspeople accounted for 95% of the population; however each of the three groups got one vote each. This means that the clergy and nobles would gang up on the townspeople and would overpower their vote 2-1.
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Ball: (Death: July 15, 1381)
English Lollard priest who took a prominent part in the Peasant’s Revolt in 1381. Gained considerable fame as a preacher by expounding the doctrines of John Wycliffe, but especially by his insistence on the principle of social equality, These utterances brought him into conflict with the archbishop of Canterbury and on three occasions he was sentenced to prison.
Tyler: (Died June 15, 1381)
Leader of the English Peasants’ Revolt of 1381, also known as Tyler’s Rebellion, against King Richard II’s poll tax in June 1381. The uprising ended when Tyler was killed during negotiations. |
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| Devastating pandemic that struck Europe in the mid 14th century, killing about 1/3 of Europe’s population, an estimated 34 million people. Changed Europe’s social structure. Serious blow to the Catholic Church. Resulted in widespread persecution of Jews and lepers as well as a general mood of morbidity. |
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A document by Giovanni Boccaccio, a humanist who recorded the reactions of the people to the Bubonic Plague. “Some sought a remedy in moderation and a temperate life, others gave themselves over entirely to their passions (sexual promiscuity prominent is some areas), and other chose flight and seclusion as the best medicine”.
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A group that supported the fashioning of a church in which a representative council would effectively regulate the actions of the pope. They thought that a pope should establish unity and well-being of the church. They believed the council acted with greater authority than the pope. This movement caused greater secular control or national or territorial churches.
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Hussites: Protestant group comprising a Christian movement following the teachings of the reformer Jan Hus who was influenced by John Wycliff and became one of the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation. This predominantly religious movement was also propelled by social issues and strengthened the Czech national self-awareness.
Lollards: Followers of John Wycliff. Lollards were anticlerical, disapproving of the corrupt nature of the Catholic Church and the belief in divine appointment of Church leaders. Looked to Scripture as the basis for their religious ideas. To provide an authority for religion outside of the Church Began the movement towards a translation of the bible into the vernacular which enabled more of the English peasantry to read the Bible.
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| Doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church that the pope has “full, supreme, and universal power” over the local bishops, the Church, and all souls. Gave justification for the pope to also be the ruler of lands and dominions by true divine right supposedly traced back to the apostles of Christ and His authority and divinity. |
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Political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe in the Middle Ages to the early modern era. Emerged from eastern part of the Frankish Empire after its division in the Treaty of Verdun (843). Lasted almost a millennium until its dissolution (1806). Voltaire ridiculed its nomenclature by stating, “The Holy Roman Empire is neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire.” |
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Concept of combining the power of secular government with, or making it supreme to, the spiritual authority of the church, most especially the theological authority of the church with the legal/juridical authority of the government. Theory where the head of state, notably Emperor Caesar, is also head of the Roman Catholic Church. “Caesar as pope.” |
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