Term
| What tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| G- The portion of the system's energy that can perform work |
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Term
| What can the change is Free-Energy predict? |
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Definition
| If a process is spontaneous (energetically favorable) |
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Term
| Equation of Change in free energy |
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Definition
DeltaG=DeltaH-TDeltaS
or
DeltaG=Gfinal-Ginitial |
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Term
| Where is G it is a change is spontaneous? |
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Definition
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Term
| More free energy vs Less free energy |
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Definition
More free energy
- Higher G
- Less Stable
- Greater work capacity
Less free energy
- Lower G
- More stable
- Less work capacity
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Term
| In a spontaneous change, what happens to the system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in an exergonic aka and exothermic reaction? |
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Definition
| Energy is released and it is spontaneous (Feels hot) |
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Term
| What happens in an endergonic reaction aka endothermic reaction? |
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Definition
| energy is required and it is nonspontaneous..It feels cold to touch because it takes energy in |
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Term
| _______ pathways yield energy by oxidizing _____ _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ harvests chemical energy by oxididzing ______ __ _________ |
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Definition
| Glycolysis, glucose to pyruvate |
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Term
| After the pyruvate is oxidized, what happens? |
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Definition
| The citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules. |
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Term
| What happens during oxidation phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| Chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis |
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Term
| How is light energy into a sytem transformed into heat energy? |
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Definition
Happens in cycle
Light energy in
>Photoynthesis in chloroplasts
>Organic molecules +O2
>Turns to ATP (ATP powers most cellular work) which goes to heat energy
>If not turned into heat then, turns to Co2 and H2o and restarts cycle
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Term
| What does free energy measure? |
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Definition
| A system's instability, its tendency to change to a more stable state |
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Term
| What happens with an Ecothermic reaction? energy and if spontaneous |
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Definition
| Net release of free energy and spontaneous |
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Term
| What happens in an endotherminc reaction? energy and spontaneous? |
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Definition
| Absorbs free energy from surronding and non spontaneous |
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Term
| What happens in Respiration? |
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Definition
| C6H12O6+6O2--->6CO2+6H2O+Energy(ATP+Heat) |
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Term
| What is released during the transfer of electrons? |
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Definition
| energy stored in organic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| The released energy from the transfer of electrons during chemical reactions |
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Term
| What happens in oxidation? |
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Definition
| a substance loses electrons |
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Term
| What happens in a reduction? |
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Definition
| a substance gains electrons, or is reduced ( amount of positice charge is reduced ) |
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Term
| During cellular respiration, what is oxidized and what is reduced? (glucose or O2) |
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Definition
| Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced |
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Term
| What are the three stages of respiration? |
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Definition
- Glycolysis
- citric acid cycle
- Oxidative phosphorylation
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Term
| What happens in Glycolysis? |
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Definition
| Breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate |
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Term
| What happens in the citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
| It completes the breakdown of glucose |
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Term
| What does Oxidative phosphoylation account for? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does glycolysis happen, and does O2 need to present |
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Definition
| in the cytoplasm and occurs whether or not O2 is present |
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Term
| What are the two major phases of glycolysis? |
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Definition
Energy investment phase
Energy payoff phase |
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Term
| How many ATP are used in the Energy Investment Phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATP and NADH are formed in the Energy payoff phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| Overall, how many ATP are formed at the end of Glycolysis? |
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Definition
| 4 formed-2 used=2 overall |
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Term
| What does glucose turn into in glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the pyruvate get into the mitochondria? |
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Definition
| By using a transport protein |
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Term
| What is the citric acid cycle also konwn as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Krebs cycle do? |
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Definition
| completes the breakdown of pyruvate to Co2 |
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Term
| How many steps does the citric acid cycle contain and how is it catalyzed? |
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Definition
| 8 steps, and is catalyzed by a specific enzyme |
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Term
| What is generated from the citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the NADH and FADH2 produced by the cyle relay? |
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Definition
| They relay electrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain |
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Term
| Explain Mitochondrial electron transport (where, what are its chains components,what the carriers do, what the electrons drop as they go down the chain, and where they are passed to) |
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Definition
- it is the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochonrion
- most components are proteins, multiprotein complexes
- The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons
- Electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain
- They are passed to O2 forming H2O
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Term
| What are the two parts of the oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
- Electron transport chain
- Chemiosmosis
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Term
| Where does the energy stored in the mitochondrial electron transport chian transport to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the H+ gradient referred to and what does it emphasize? |
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Definition
| It is known as a proton-motive force emphasizing its capacity to do work |
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Term
| During cellular respiration what sequence does the energy flows? (5 steps) |
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Definition
| Glucose>NADH>electron transport chain>proton-motice force>ATP |
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Term
| How many ATP is made in respiration? |
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Definition
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