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Definition
-study of the variability and transmission of characteristics
-study of genes, how they carry and pass information |
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Definition
| all genetic information in a cell including chromosomes and plasmids |
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Definition
| structure containing DNA that physically carry hereditary information |
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| self replicating, gene containing circular piece of DNA |
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Definition
| genetic constitution of the cell, organism, or individual |
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Definition
-observable characteristic
-results from expression of genes and environmental factors |
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Definition
-circular molecule of DNA
-looped and folded
-attached to plasma membrane at one or more points
-about 1 mm long
-supercoiled (10% of cell volume) |
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Definition
| -genetic info is used within a cell to produce proteins needed for the cell to function |
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Definition
| transfer of genetic information between the same generation of cells |
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Term
| overview of DNA replication (1-5) |
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Definition
-one parental ds DNA is converted into 2 ds daughter DNA molecules
-one stand acts as a template for the other
-Gyrase/Topoisomerase relaxes supercoiling
-Helicase unwinds the two parental strands like a zipper
-replication fork is the point where replication occurs |
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Term
| overview of DNA replication (6-10) |
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Definition
-DNA polymerase synthesizes a new DNA strand 5' to 3'
-the leading strand is oriented 5' to 3' in which a polymerase "reads" the DNA and adds nucleotides continuously
-lagging strand is oriented 3' to 5' in which primase "reads" the DNA and adds RNA in short seperated fragements(Okazaki)
-primers are removed
-DNA ligase joins fragments together |
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Term
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Definition
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| bacterial DNA replication is... |
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Definition
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| at completion of bacterial DNA replication, both forks meet and are separated by |
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Definition
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| 1 mistake in DNA rep every ____ due to proofreading of_______ |
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Definition
10^10 bases
DNA polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
-synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA (mRNA) from DNA
-RNA polymerase binds to a promotor on the DNA and initiates transcription
-only one of the two DNA strands acts as a template
-RNA is synthesize 5' to 3'
-transcription stops once RNA polymerase reaches the terminator |
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Term
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Definition
-protein synthsis
-decoding of nucleotides into amino acids
-the sequence of codons (3 nucleotides) on an mRNA molecule determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein |
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Term
| in prokaryotes transcription/translation |
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Definition
-simultaneous
-translation can begin before transcription is complete
-occur in cytoplasm
-start codon is available to ribsomes |
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Term
| eukaryotes transcription/translation |
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Definition
-transciption occurs in nucleus and must be completed before it is sent to cytoplasm
-presence of noncoding DNA(introns) between expressed DNA regions (extrons)
-introns removed and extrons spliced together |
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Term
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Definition
| remove introns and splice extrons |
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Term
| regulation of bacterial gene expression |
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Definition
-most genes (60-80%) are always turned on /expressed constitutively(enzymes of glycolysis)
-expression of other genes is regulated/only expressed when needed (catabolic enzymes/surface proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
| -mechanisms that inhibits gene expression and decrease synthesis of enzymes usually in response to an excess of surplus |
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Term
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Definition
| -regulatory proteins that block the ability of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| -mechanisms responsible for turning on the expression of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that induce the transcription of genes |
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Term
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Definition
-genes coding for 3 enzymes involved in lactose uptake and utilization are next to eachother
-LacZ, LacY, LacA (structural genes) |
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Term
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Definition
| region on DNA where RNA polymerase initiates transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| -segment of DNA that a repressor or activator binds to |
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Term
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Definition
| regulatory gene that codes for a repressor protein |
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Term
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Definition
| change in the base sequence of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
-protein misfolded
-enzyme less activated/inactivated |
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Term
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Definition
-occurs when mutated base is on the 3rd position of the mRNA codon
-codes for same amino acid or has same properties (Asp-Glu) |
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Term
| point mutation/base substitution |
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Definition
- a single base is replaced with another base
-transition-purine for purine or vv
-transversion-purine for pyramidine or vv |
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Term
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Definition
| base substitution results in a different amino acid |
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Definition
| base substitution results in a STOP codon |
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Definition
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Definition
| spontaneous or induced by physical or chemical agents |
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Definition
-nitrous acid
-UV light
-radiation
-nucleoside analogs |
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Term
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Definition
| probability that a gene will mutate when a cell divides |
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| spontaneous mutation rate |
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Definition
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Term
| mutagens increase mutation rate |
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Definition
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| why bacteria used to study mutation |
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Definition
-divide rapidly
-only one copy of each gene per cell |
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Term
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Definition
| -selection that kills unmutated cells |
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Term
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Definition
-used to identify mutants that have lost ability to synthesize an amino acid
-these mutant cells cannot grow in the absence of that amino acid (auxotroph) |
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Term
| replica plating technique |
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Definition
| -using a velvet to transfer colonies to histidine and non histadine plates to identify auxotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
| -exchange of genes between 2 DNA molecules |
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| protein that catalyzes the joining of 2 stands or recom DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| mechanisms of Recombination |
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Definition
-transformation
-conjugation
-transduction |
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Term
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Definition
-genes transferred from one bacterium to another as naked DNA
-no contact necessary between donor and recipient
-could happen naturally or be induced |
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Term
| mechanism of transformation |
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Definition
-DNA fragments bind to exterior of cell
-fragmentation of DNA
-one DNA is transferred up to cytoplasm, other is degraded |
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Term
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Definition
-transfer a portion of a donor bacterium chromosome to a recipient
-requires direct contact
-as the donor replicates its chromosome, the copy is injected into the recipient
-only can occur between cells of opposite mating types |
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Term
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Definition
-donor that carries fertility factor (lack Bio- and Met-)
-recipient that does not (lacks Thr- and Leu) |
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Term
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Definition
set of genes originally acquired from a plasmid and now integrated into the bacterial chromosome
-established the origin of replication for the chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -transfer of bacterial DNA through a virus (bacteriophage) |
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Definition
-fertility
-resistance
-col-plasmids
-degradative
-virulence |
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Definition
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Definition
| -contain genes that can build resistance against antibiotics or poisons |
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Definition
| contain genes that code for bacteriocins (proteinacious toxins) |
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Term
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Definition
| allow degradation of unusual substance (toluene) |
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Definition
| turn bacterium into a pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| small segments of DNA that can be moved from one region of DNA to another (often within genes) |
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