Term
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Definition
| Ability of a drug to injure target cells or target organisms without injuring other cells/organisms that are in intimate contact with target. This property is what makes antibiotics valuable |
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Term
| penicillins, cephalosporins |
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Definition
| Drugs that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis or activate enzymes that disrupt the cell wall. Promotes lysis and death |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that increase cell membrane permeability. Causes leakage of intracellular material |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that cause lethal inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that cause nonlethal inhibition of protein synthesis. Slows microbial growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that inhibit bacterial synthesis of nucleic acids (RNA/DNA)— |
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Term
| trimethoprim and sulfonamides |
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Definition
| Antimetabolites that disrupt biochemical reactions. Decreases synthesis of essential cell constituents or synthesis of nonfunctional analogs of normal metabolites |
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Term
| zidovudine, acyclovir, and saquinavir |
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Definition
| Inhibitors of viral enzymes—Two classes include protease inhibitors and nucleoside analogs |
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Term
| Mechanisms of Microbial Drug Resistance |
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Definition
1. Microbes may produce drug-metabolizing enzymes- Penicillinase inactivates penicillin (cutting the molecule in two and inactivating it)
2. Microbes may cease active uptake of certain drugs (not finishing Rx and bacteria recognize it and don’t attach anymore)
3. Microbial drug receptors may undergo change, resulting in decreased antibiotic binding and action
4. Microbes may synthesize compounds that antagonize drug actions |
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Term
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Definition
| Random changes in microbe’s DNA. Confers resistance to only 1 drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most significant; process by which extrachromosomal DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another; usually gram-negative. Confers multiple drug resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| Special example of emergence of drug resistance; new infection that develops during the treatment of a primary infection. Antibiotic eliminates the inhibitory influence of normal flora allowing a second infectious agent to flourish (yeast infection or thrush after antibiotic treatment). |
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Term
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Definition
1. Age—Infants and elderly highly vulnerable to drug toxicity
2. Pregnancy and lactation—Drugs can cross placenta and breast milk
3. Previous allergic reaction
4. Genetic factors—Affect responses and rate of metabolism |
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Term
| Indications for Antibiotic Combinations |
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Definition
1. Initial therapy of severe infection- until organism is known
2. Mixed infections- infection caused by more than 1 microbe
3. Prevention of resistance
4. Decreased toxicity- 2 antibiotics can decrease the dose needed for each antibiotic. (less adverse effects)
5. Enhanced antibacterial action |
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Term
| Prophylactic Use of Antimicrobial Drugs |
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Definition
A. Surgery—Decreased incidence of infection in certain surgeries. Give antibiotic prior to certain surgeries: Cardiac, Peripheral Vascular, GI, Ortho, Emergent C-section, and Hysterectomy
B. Bacterial Endocarditis—In patients with congenital or valvular heart disease (dental)
C. Neutropenia—Patients are at high risk for infections. Used prophylactically. However, can then cause increase in fungal infections (yeast)
D. Other Indications for Antimicrobial Prophylaxis-For prophylaxis against type A influenza, following exposure to organisms responsible for STDs, Recurrent UTI |
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