Term
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Definition
| A small seizure in which there is a sudden temporary loss of consciousness lasting only a few seconds. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical substance in the body tissues that facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses from one nerve to another. Has a stimulant effect on some parts of the body and a depressant effect on other parts of the body. Also known as a neurotransmitter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmitter of nerve impulses toward the CNS; also known as sensory nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of mental ability to understand sensory stimuli even though the sensory organs themselves are functioning properly. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to convert one's thoughts into writing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to understand written words. |
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Term
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Definition
| Without sensitivity to pain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Without feeling or sensation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A localized dilation in the wall of an artery that expands with each pulsation of the artery; usually caused by hypertension or atherosclerosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inability to communicate through speech, writing, or signs because of an injury to or disease in certain areas of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to perform coordinated movements or use objects properly; no associated with sensory or motor impairment or paralysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The weblike middle layer of the three membranous layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| A star-shaped neuroglial cell found in the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tumor of the brain or spinal cord composed of astrocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Without muscular coordination. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sensation an individual experiences prior to the onset of a migraine headache or an epileptic seizure. It may be a sensation of light or warmth and may precede the attack by hours or only a few seconds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the nervous system that regulates the involuntary vital functions of the body, such as the activities involving the heart muscle, smooth muscle, and the glands. Has 2 divisions the SNS and the PNS. ANS |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the nerve cell that transports nerve impulses away from the nerve cell body. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protective characteristic of the capillary walls of the brain that prevents the passage of harmful substances from the bloodstream into the brain tissue or CSF. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormally slow movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stemlike portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemisphere with the spinal cord. Contains the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. |
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Term
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Definition
| A positive sign of meningitis, in which there is an involuntary flexion of the arm, hip, and knee when the patient's neck is passively flexed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hole drilled into the skull using a form of a drill. |
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Term
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Definition
| The lower end of the spinal cord and the roots of the spinal nerves that occupy the spinal canal below the level of the first lumbar vertebra; so named because it resembles a horse's tail. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sensation of an acute burning pain along the path of a peripheral nerve, sometimes accompanied by erythema of the skin; due to injury to peripheral nerve fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the cell that contains the nucleus and the cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the two main divisions of the nervous system, consisting of the brain and the spinal cord. CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| Pain in the head; headache. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the brain responsible for coordinating voluntary muscular movement; located behind the brain stem. |
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Term
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Definition
| A brief interruption of brain function, usually with a loss of consciousness lasting for a few seconds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small scattered venous hemorrhages in the brain; better described as a "bruise" of the brain tissue occurring when the brain strikes the inner skull. |
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Term
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Definition
| The thin outer layer of nerve tissue, known as gray matter, that covers the surface of the cerebrum. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fluid flowing through the brain and around the spinal cord that protects them from physical blow or impact. CSF |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest and uppermost part of the brain. It controls consciousness, memory, sensations, emotions, and voluntary movements. |
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Term
| Cheyne-Stokes respirations |
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Definition
| An abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by periods of apnea followed by deep rapid breathing. |
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Term
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Definition
| A deep sleep in which the individual cannot be aroused and does not respond to external stimuli. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pertains to being in a coma. |
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Term
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Definition
| A permanent shortening of a muscle causing a joint to remain in an abnormally flexed position, with resultant physical deformity. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the many elevated folds of the surface of the cerebrum; also called gyrus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A surgical incision into the cranium or skull. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any deficiency or variation of the normal, as in a weakness deficit resulting from a cerebrovascular accident (CVA). |
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Term
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Definition
| A progressive irreversible mental disorder in which the person has deteriorating memory, judgement, and ability to think. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Destruction or removal of the myelin sheath that covers a nerve or nerve fiber. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A projection that extends from the nerve cell body It receives impulses and conducts them on to the cell body. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the brain located between the cerebrum and the midbrain. Its main structures consist of the thalmus, hypothalmus, and pineal gland. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Double vision; also called ambiopia. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outermost of the three membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition characterized by an impairment of the ability to read. Letters and words are often reversed when reading. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Transmitters of nerve impulses away from the CNS; also known as motor nerves. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An abnormal condition in which a blood clot (embolus) becomes lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood within the vessel. |
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Term
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Definition
| The space immediately outside the dura mater that contains a supporting cushion of fat and other connective tissues. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of sudden brief attacks of seizures. The seizure may vary from mild and unnoticeable to full-scale convulsive seizures. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A deep groove on the surface on an organ. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A space covered by tough membrane between the bones of an infant's cranium, called a "soft spot." |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| A knotlike mass of nerve tissue found outside the brain or spinal cord. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The part of the nervous system consisting of axons that are not covered with myelin sheath, giving a gray appearance. |
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Term
|
Definition
| One of the many elevated folds of the surface of the cerebrum. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Slight or partial paralysis of one half of the body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Paralysis of one half of the body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An acute infection caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox; characterized by painful vesicular lesions along the path of a spinal nerve. Also called shingles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Excessive sensitivity to sensory stimuli, such as pain or touch. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Excessive muscular movement and physical activity; hyperactivity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A part of the brain located below the thalamus that controls many functions, such as body temperature, sleep, and appetite. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Connecting neurons that conduct impulses from afferent nerves to or toward motor nerves. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A diagnostic sign for meningitis marked by the person's inability to extend the leg completely when the thigh is flexed upon the abdomen and the person is sitting or lying down. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of muscle movement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A state of being sluggish. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A deep groove in the middle of the cerebrum that divides the cerebrum into the right and left hemispheres. |
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Term
|
Definition
| One of the three parts of the brain stem. The most essential part of the brain in that it contains the cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers of the bran. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The three layers of protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Small neuroglial cells found in the interstital tissue of the nervous system that engulf cellular debris, waste products, and pathogens within the nerve tissue. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The uppermost part of the brain stem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A protective sheath that covers the axons of many nerves in the body. It acts as an electrical insulator and helps to speed the conduction of nerve impulses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Uncontrolled, sudden attacks of sleep. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A cordlike bundle of nerve fibers that transmit impulses to and from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The injection of a local anesthetic along the course of a nerve or nerves to eliminate sensation to the area supplied by the nerve; also called conduction anesthesia. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Severe, sharp, spasmlike pain that extends along the course of one or more nerves. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The supporting tissue of the nervous system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A physician who specialized in treating the diseases and disorders of the nervous system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of the nervous system and its disorders. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| A physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any surgery involving the nervous system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chemical substance within the body that activates or inhibits the transmission of nerve impulses at synapses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rigidity of the neck. The neck is resistant to flexion. This condition is seen in patients with meningitis. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of neuroglial cell found in the interstitial tissue of the nervous system. Its dendrite projections coil around the axons of many neurons tor form the myelin sheath. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Paralysis of the lower extremities and trunk, usually due to spinal cord injuries. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nerves of the ANS that regulate essential involuntary body functions such as slowing the heart rate, increasing peristalsis of the intestines, increasing glandular secretions, and relaxing sphincters. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Copying or producing the same effects as those of the parasympathetic nerves; "to mimic" the parasympathetic nerves. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A sensation of numbness or tingling. |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
| The part of the nervous system outside the CNS, consisting of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. PNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process by which certain cells engulf and destroy microorganisms and cellular debris. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The innermost of the three membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A small cone-shaped structure thought to be involved in regulating the body's biological clock and that produces melatonin; also called the pineal gland. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A network of interwoven nerves. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The part of the brain located between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain. It acts as a bridge to connect the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum to the upper portions of the brain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Paralysis of all four extremities and the trunk of the body; caused by injury to the spinal cord at the level of the cervical vertebrae. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The surgical resection of a spinal nerve root; also called a rhizotomy. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The surgical resection of a spinal nerve root; also called a radiculotomy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the sciatic nerve; characterized by pain along the course of the nerve, radiating through the thigh and down the back of the leg. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Transmitters of nerve impulses toward the CNS; also known as afferent nerves. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A tube or passage that diverts or redirects body fluid from one cavity or vessel to another; may be a congenital defect or artificially constructed for the purpose of redirecting fluid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The part of the PNS that provides voluntary control over skeletal muscle contractions. SNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any agent or factor capable of initiating a nerve impulse. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A state of lethargy. The person is unresponsive and seems unaware of his or her surrounding.s |
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Term
|
Definition
| The space located just under the arachnoid membrane that contains cerebrospinal fluid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The space located just beneath the dura mater that contains serous fluid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A depression or shallow groove on the surface of an organ; as a sulcus that separates any of the convolutions of the cerebral hemispheres. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nerves of the ANS that regulate essential involuntary body functions such as increasing the heart rate, constricting blood vessels, and raising the blood pressure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Copying or producing the same effects as those of the sympathetic nerves; "to mimic" the sympathetic nerves. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The space between the end of one nerve and the beginning of another, thought which nerve impulses are transmitted. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The part of the brain located between the cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain. Receives all sensory stimuli, except those of smell, and relays them to the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An abnormal condition in which a clot develops in a blood vessel. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A seizure characterized by the presence of muscle contractions or tension followed by relaxation, creating a "jerking" movement of the body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A small hollow within the brain that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An injury to the cervical vertebrae and their supporting structures due to a sudden back-and-forth jerking movement of the head and neck. May occur as a result of an automobile being struck suddenly from the rear. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The part of the nervous system consisting of axons covered with myelin sheath, giving a white appearance. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Deterioration of a person's intellectual functioning. A progressive and extremely debilitating disease that begins with minor memory loss and progresses to complete loss of mental, emotional, and physical functioning. |
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Term
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) |
|
Definition
| A severe weakening and wasting of the involved muscle groups, usually beginning with the hands and progressing to the shoulders, upper arms, and legs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An absence of the brain and spinal cord at birth, a congenital disorder. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A temporary or permanent unilateral weakness or paralysis of the muscles in the face following trauma to the face, an unknown infection, or a tumor pressing on the facial nerve rendering it paralyzed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A localized accumulation of pus located anywhere in the brain tissue due to an infectious process. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A pinching or compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel due to inflammation and swelling of the tendons, causing intermittent or continuous pain that is greatest at night. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A collective term used to describe congenital brain damage that is permanent but not progressive. It is characterized by a child's lack of control of voluntary muscles. CP |
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Term
|
Definition
| Results from damage to the cortex of the brain, causing tense muscles and very irritable muscle tone. Most common type of CP. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Results from damage to the cerebellum and involves tremors, a disturbed equilibrium, loss of coordination, and abnormal movements. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Due to damage to the basal ganglia, which causes abnormal movements such as twisting or sudden jerking. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is a combination of symptoms of the 3 types of CP. |
|
|
Term
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) |
|
Definition
| Involves death of a specific portion of brain tissue, resulting from a decrease in blood flow to that area of the brain; also called a stroke. |
|
|
Term
| transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) |
|
Definition
| Brief periods of ischemia in the brain lasting from minutes to hours, which can cause a variety of symptoms. Also called mini-strokes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when a cerebral vessel ruptures, allowing bleeding into the CSF, brain tissue, or the subarachnoid space. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The deterioration of the intervertebral disk, usually due to constant motion and wear on the disk. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The inflammation of the brain or spinal cord tissue largely caused by a virus that enters the CNS when the person experiences a viral disease such as measles or mumps or through the bite of a mosquito or tick. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An epileptic seizure characterized by a sudden loss of consciousness and by generalized involuntary muscular contraction, vacillating between rigid body extension and an alternating contracting and relaxing of muscles |
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Term
|
Definition
| A small seizure in which there is a sudden temporary loss of consciousness lasting only a few seconds; also known as absence seizure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Acute polyneuritis of the PNS in which the myelin sheaths on the axons are destroyed, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflex response, and sudden muscle weakness, which usually follows a viral gastrointestinal or respiratory infection. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A recurring, pulsating, vascular headache usually developing on one side of the head. Characterized by slow onset that may be preceded by an aura. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs typically two to three hours after falling asleep; described as extreme pain around one eye that wakens the person from sleep. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs from long, endured contraction of the skeletal muscles around the face, scalp, upper back, and neck. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A collection of blood located above the dura mater and just below the skull. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A collection of blood below the dura mater and above the arachnoid layer of the meninges. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rupture or herniation of the disk center thought the disk wall and into the spinal canal, causing pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An inherited neurological disease characterized by rapid, jerking, involuntary movements and increasing dementia due to the effects of the basal ganglia on the neurons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An abnormal increase of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain that causes the ventricles of the brain to dilate, resulting in an increased head circumference in the infant with open fontanel; a congenital disorder. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occur in any structural region of the brain. May be malignant or benign, classified as primary or secondary, and are named according to the tissue from which they originate. |
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|
Term
| primary intracranial tumors |
|
Definition
| Arise from gliomas, malignant glial cells that are a support for nerve tissue, and from tumors that arise from the meninges. |
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|
Term
| metastatic intracranial tumors (secondary) |
|
Definition
| Occur as a result of metastasis from a primary site such as the lung or breast. They occur more frequently than primary neoplasms. |
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|
Term
| meningitis (acute bacterial) |
|
Definition
| A serious bacterial infection of the meninges that can have residual effects or even a fatal outcome if not diagnosed and treated promptly with appropriate antibiotic therapy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A degenerative inflammatory disease of the CNS attacking the myelin sheath in the spinal cord and brain, leaving it sclerosed or scarred and interrupting the flow of nerve impulses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chronic progressive neuromuscular disorder causing severe skeletal muscle weakness and fatigue, which occurs at different levels of severity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A highly malignant tumor of the sympathetic nervous system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A degenerative, slowly progressing deterioration of nerves in the brain stem's motor system characterized by a gradual onset of symptoms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A general term indicating inflammation of one or more peripheral nerves, the effects being dependent on the particular nerve involved. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An infectious viral disease entering through the upper respiratory tract and affecting the ability of spinal cord and brain motor neurons to receive stimulation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Progressive weakness occurring at least 30 years after the initial poliomyelitis attack. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An acute brain encephalopathy along with fatty infiltration of the internal organs that may follow acute viral infections. |
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|
Term
| skull fracture (depressed) |
|
Definition
| A broken segment of the skull bone thrust into the brain as a result of a direct force, usually a blunt object. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A congenital defect of the CNS in which the back portion of one or more vertebrae is not closed normally and a cyst protrudes through the opening in the back, usually at the level of the fifth lumbar or first sacral vertebrae. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A cystlike sac covered with skin or a thin membrane protruding through the bony defect in the vertebrae containing meninges and CSF. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A cystlike sac covered with skin or a thin membrane protruding through the body defect in the vertebrae that contains meninges, CSF, and spinal cord segments. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A congenital defect of the CNS in which the back portion of one or more vertebrae is not closed. A dimpling over the area may occur. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A congenital disorder caused by altered lipid metabolism, resulting from an enzyme deficiency. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Short periods of severe unilateral pain, which radiates along the fifth cranial nerve. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Tested by stroking the sole of the foot, beginning at midheel and moving upward and lateral to the toes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A nuclear counter scanning of cranial content two hours after an intravenous injection of radioisotopes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Visualization of the cerebral vascular system via X-ray after the injection of a radiopaque contrast medium into an arterial blood vessel. |
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|
Term
| cerebrospinal fluid analysis |
|
Definition
| CSF obtained from a lumbar puncture is analyzed for the presence of bacteria, blood,or malignant cells as well as for the amount of protein and glucose present. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Computed tomography is the analysis of a three-dimensional view of the brain tissue obtained as X-ray beams pass through successive horizontal layers of the brain; also called computerized axial tomography (CAT scan) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A neurosurgical procedure for pain control accomplished through a laminectomy, in which there is surgical interference of pathways within the spinal cord that control pain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Insertion of a short, beveled spinal needle into the cisterna magna to drain CS or to obtain a CSF specimen. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A surgical procedure that makes an opening into the skull. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ultrasound used to analyze the intracranial structures of the brain. |
|
|
Term
| electroencephalography (EEG) |
|
Definition
| Measurement of electrical activity produced by the brain and recorded through electrodes placed on the scalp. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Process of recording the electrical activity of muscle by inserting a small needle into the muscle and delivering a small current that stimulates the muscle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Surgical removal of the bony arches from one or more of the vertebrae to relieve pressure on the spinal cord. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The insertion of a hollow needle and stylet into the subarachnoid space, generally between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae below the level of the spinal cord under strict aspectic technique. |
|
|
Term
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
|
Definition
| A noninvasive scanning procedure that provides visualization of fluid, soft tissue, and bony structures without the use of radiation. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Introduction of a contrast medium into the lumbar subarachnoid space through lumbar puncture to visualize the spinal cord and vertebral canal through X-ray examination. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A neurosurgical procedure to relieve pain in a localized or small area by incision of cranial or peripheral nerves. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used to visualize radiographically one of the ventricles or fluid-occupying spaces in the CNS. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A sleep study or sleep test that evaluates physical factors affecting sleep. |
|
|
Term
| positron emission tomography (PET) |
|
Definition
| Produces computerized radiographic images of various body structures when radioactive substances are inhaled or injected. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to evaluate cerebellar function and balance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Performed on a precise location of an area within the brain that controls specific functions and may involved destruction of brain tissue with various agents such as heat, cold, and sclerosing or corrosive fluids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A surgical procedure used to interrupt a portion of the sympathetic nerve pathway for the purpose of relieving chronic pain. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Involves a craniotomy, through which the anterolateral pathway in the brain stem is surgically divided in an attempt to relieve pain. |
|
|
Term
| transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) |
|
Definition
| A form of cutaneous stimulation for pain relief that supplies electrical impulses to the nerve endings of a nerve close to the pain site. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An injury to a part of the body without a break in the skin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a body part or organ |
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|
