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Definition
| Measurement can show whether and when behavior changes, but measurement alone cannot reveal _____ the change has come about. |
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| specific functional relations |
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Definition
| Knowledge of _____ between behavior and environment is necessary if a systematic and useful technology of behavior change is to develop. |
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Definition
| An _____ must be performed to determine how a given behavior functions in relation to specific environmental events. |
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Definition
| The overall gaol of science is to achieve _____ of the phenomena under study - socially important behaviors, in the case of applied behavior analysis. |
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| description, prediction, and control |
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Definition
| Science produces understanding at three levels: |
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Definition
| ____ yields a collection of facts about the observed events --- facts that can be quantified and classified. |
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Definition
| A correlation exists when two events systematically covary with one another. ____ can be made about the probability that one event will occur based on the occurrence of the other event. |
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Definition
| The greatest potential benefits of science are derived from the third, and highest, level of scientific understanding, which comes from establishing _____. |
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Definition
| A functional analysis _____ eliminate the possibility that the behavior under investigation is also a function of other variables. |
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Definition
| An experiment that shows convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the independent variable and not the result of uncontrolled or unknown variables has _____. |
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Definition
| External validity refers to the degree to which a study's results are _____ to other subjects, settings, and/or behaviors. |
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Definition
| _____ exert unknown or uncontrolled influences on the dependent variable. |
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Term
| within-subject (or single-subject) |
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Definition
| Because behavior is an individual phenomenon, the experimental strategy of behavior analysis is based on _____ methods of analysis. |
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Definition
| Because behavior is a continuous phenomenon that occurs in and changes through time, the _____ of behavior is a hallmark of applied behavior analysis. |
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Definition
| The assumption of _____ guides the methodology of behavior analysis. |
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Definition
| Experimental methods in behavior analysis are based on the assumption that variability is _____ to the organism; that is, variability is imposed by environmental variables and is not an inherent trait of the organism. |
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Term
| isolate and experimentally manipulate |
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Definition
| Instead of masking variability by averaging the performance of many subjects, behavior analysts attempt to _____ the environmental factors responsible for the variability. |
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Definition
| The _____ is a statement of what the researcher seeks to learn by conducting the experiment and should guide and be reflected in all aspects of the experiment's design. |
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Definition
| Experiments in applied behavior analysis are most often referred to as single-subject (or single-case) research designs because the experimental logic or reasoning for analyzing behavior change often employs the subject as _____. |
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Definition
| The dependent variable in an applied behavior analysis experiment is a measurable _____ of target behavior. |
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Term
| Three reasons behavior analysts use multiple response measures (DVS) |
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Definition
(a) to provide the additional data paths that serve as controls for evaluating and replicating the effects of an independent variable that is sequentially applied to each behavior.
(b) to assess the generally of treatment effects to behaviors other than the response class to which the independent variable was applied
(c) to determine whether changes in the behavior of a person other than the subject occur during the course of an experiment and whether such changes might in turn explain observed changes in the subject's behavior. |
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Definition
| In addition to precise manipulation of the independent variable, the behavior analyst must hold _____ all other aspects of the experimental setting - extraneous variables - to prevent unplanned environmental variation. |
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Term
| unplanned events or variations |
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Definition
| When _____ occur in the experimental setting, the behavior analyst must either wait out their effects or incorporate them into the design of the experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Observation and measurement procedures must be conducted in a _____ manner throughout an experiment. |
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Term
| ongoing visual inspection |
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Definition
| Because behavior is a continuous and dynamic phenomenon, _____ of the data during the course of an experiment is necessary to identify changes in level, trend, and/or variability as they develop. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in the independent variable are made in an effort to _____ its effect on the target behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The term experimental design refers to the way the independent variable is _____ in a study. |
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Term
| two basic kinds of changes |
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Definition
| Although an infinite number of experimental designs are possible as a result of the many way independent variables can be manipulated and combined, there are only _____: introducing a new condition or reintroducing an old condition. |
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Definition
| A _____ study compares the differential effects of a range of different values of the independent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fundamental rule of experimental design is to change _____ variable at a time. |
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Term
| explore relevant variables |
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Definition
| Rather than follow rigid, pro forma experimental designs, the behavior analyst should select experimental tactics suited to the original research questions, while standing ready to "_____ by manipulating them in an improvised and rapidly changing design" (skinner) |
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Term
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Definition
| Stable, or _____, responding enables the behavior analyst to employ a powerful form of inductive reasoning, sometimes called baseline logic. |
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Definition
| _____ entails three elements: prediction, verification, and replication. |
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Definition
| The most common method for evaluating the effects of a given variable is to impose it on an ongoing measure of behavior obtained in its absence. This _____ data serve as the baseline by which to determine and evaluate any subsequent changes in behavior. |
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Term
| specific independent variable |
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Definition
| A baseline condition does not necessarily mean the absence of instruction or treatment per se, only the absence of the _____ of experimental interest. |
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Term
| Three other reasons for baseline data collection: |
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Definition
(a) Systematic observation of the target behavior prior to intervention sometimes yields information about antecedent-behavior-consequent correlations that may be useful in planning an effective intervention.
(b) Baseline data can provide valuable guidance in setting initial criteria for reinforcement
(c) sometimes baseline data reveal that the behavior targeted for change does not warrant intervention. |
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Term
| Four types of baseline data patterns: |
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Definition
-Stable
-Ascending
-Descending
-Variable |
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Term
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Definition
| The Independent variable should be _____ when stable baseline responding has been achieved. |
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Definition
| The independent variable should NOT be introduced if either an ascending or descending baseline indicates improving performance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The independent variable should be introduced if either an ascending or descending baseline indicates _____ performance. |
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Term
| highly variable and unstable |
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Definition
| The independent variable should not be imposed on a _____ baseline. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prediction of future behavior under relatively constant environmental conditions can be made on the basis of _____ of behavior showing little or no variation. |
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Term
| highly variable and unstable |
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Definition
| The independent variable should not be imposed on a _____ baseline. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prediction of future behavior under relatively constant environmental conditions can be made on the basis of _____ of behavior showing little or no variation. |
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Definition
| In general, given stable responding, the more data points there are and the longer the time period in which they were obtained, the more _____ the prediction will likely be. |
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Definition
| _____ refer to improvements in performance resulting from opportunities to emit the behavior that must be provided to obtain repeated measures. |
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Definition
| _____ baseline measurement is not necessary for behaviors that have no logical opportunity to occur. |
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Term
| affirmation of the consequent |
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Definition
| The inductive reasoning called _____ lies at the heart of baseline logic. |
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Term
| effective experimental design |
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Definition
| Although the logic of affirming the consequent is not completely sound (some other event may have caused the change in behavior), an _____ confirms several if-A-then-B possibilities, thereby eliminating certain other factors as responsible for the observed changes in behavior. |
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Definition
| _____ of prediction is accomplished by demonstrating that the prior level of baseline responding would have remained unchanged if the independent variable had not been introduced. |
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| Replication within an experiment |
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Definition
| _____ means reproducing a previously observed behavior change by reintroducing the independent variable. |
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Definition
| Replication within an experiment _____ the probability that a variable other than the independent variable was responsible for the behavior change and demonstrates the reliability of the behavior change. |
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