Basic Concepts: on Ivan Pavlov's dog

1. Uncoditioned stimulus (US)

2. Uncoditioned response (UR)

3. Conditioned stimulus (CS)

4. Conditioned response (CR)

1. US- is a stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a response (meat).

2. UR- is a naturaly occuring response( salivation) to the unconditioned stimulus (meat).

3. CS- is an originally irrelevant stimulus (tone) that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (meat), comes to trigger a conditioned response (salvation to tone).

4. CR- is learned response (salivation to tone) to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (tone).

(under classical conditioning)

ACQUISITION

MICHEAL DOMJAN (1992, 1994, 2005)- Sexual arousal in Japanese quail

is the inital learning stage in classical conditioning in which an association between a neutral stimulus (tone) and an unconditioned stimulus (meat) takes place.

In most cases, for conditioning to occur, the neutral stimulus needs to come before the uncoditioned stimulus.

The time in between the two stimuli should be about half a second.

In the experiement they used the red light to arouse the quail and have mate with the female quail.

(under classical conditioning)

Extinction 

(under classical conditioning)

Spontaneuous Recovery

(under classical conditioning)

Generalization

It is the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS.

It also explains why we react to stimuli similar to naturally disgusting or appealing stimuli.

(classical conditioning)

Discrimination

John B. Watson outlines the behaviorist position which is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. the goal is the prediction and control of behavior. 

They believe  person can be anything if trained regardless to their barckground.

Extending pavlov's understanding-Cognitive Processes

Rescorla and Wagner (1972)

Extending Pavlov's understnding-Biological Predispositions

Garcia and Koelling (1966)

1.Operant Conditioning

2.operant behavior

1. it involves an organism associating its own actions with consequences.

2. behavior that operates on the eviroment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli

Operant Conditioning 

Skinner box (or Operant Chamber)

using thorndike's law of effect as a starting point, Skinner developed the operant chamber, or the Skinner box, to study operant conditioning.

The operant chamber, or skinner box, come with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a reinforcer like food or water. The bar or key is connected to devices that record the animal's response.

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows:

Operant Conditioning term:

1.Positive reinforcement- add a desirable stimulus -> ex. getting a hug, receiving a paycheck (adding something for the effect to be positive)

2. Negative reinforcement- remove an aversive stimulus -> fastening seatbelt to turn off beeping  (taking aways something for the after affect to be positve)

Primary (unconditioned) reinforcer is an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (sleep, food, water, sex)

Secondary (conditioned) reinforcer is a stimulus that gains its power through its association with a primary reinforcer (lights and sounds)

Reinforcement- Immediate and Delayed Reinforcers

Immediate reinforcer is a reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior.

Delayed reinforcer is reinforcer is a reinforcer is a reinforcer that delayed in time for a certain behavior.

Continuous reinforcement involves reinforcing a response every time it occurs ( rat presses lever -> food pellet-> rat presses lever-> food pellet) results in rapid learning but also rapid extintion

Intermittent reinforcement involves reinforcing a response only part of the time.

( rat presses lever-> rat presses lever -> rat presses lever -> food pellet) results in slower learning but also slower extinction

Reinforcement- TYPES OF INTERMITTENT SCHEDULES

Ration schedules- reinforcing after a number of responses

1. fixed-ratio schedle reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. (less resistant to extition. Ex. free coffe after 3 purchases)

2. Variable-ratio schedule  reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. (more resistant to extinction. Ex. a bite after a variable number of casts while fishing)

any event that weaken the behavior it follows.

1. positive punishment- administer an aversive stimulus (ex. spanking; a parking ticket)

2. Negative punishment- withdraw a desirable stimulus (ex. time out form priviligies ; revoked driver's lincense)

Does punishment work?

# of drawbacks:

1. it onl supresses the behavior does not eliminate it; teaches discrimination

2. unwanted fears

3. models aggression

recommend:

1. ignore undesireable behavior

2. apply a mild punisher

3. reinforce a desirable behavior

Extending skinner's understanding-Cognitive Processes

Tolman & Honzik (1930)- Evidence of Latent Learning and Cognitive Maps

This experiment it shows there is more to learning than associating response with a consequence; there is also cognition

1. Latent Learning: Learining that becomes apparent only when there is some incentive to demostrate it.

2. Cognitive map: a mental representation

Cognitive Processes

Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinstic Motivation

1. Intrinsic motivation: the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake. ( perform activity becaus you enjoy it)

2. Extrinsic motivation: the desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.

Cognitive processes

The effect of Reinforcement on Intrinsic motivation

If someone does some activity simply because they enjoy it, then rewarding them for doing that activity can reduce how much they enjoy doing it.

Several studies have found that promising children some payoof for playing with an interesting toy later play with the toy less than those who were not paid to play with it.

Extending Skinner's understanding- BIOLOGICAL PREDISPOSITIONS

Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn responses that are naturally adaptive.

It is easier to condition an animal to perform natural behaviors than unnatural ones.

After training animals exhibit instinctive drift- they tend to revert back to thier biologically predisposed patterns.

1.Observational Learning

2.Modeling

1.Learning by observing others.

2. refers to the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Albert Bandura- Bobo Doll exeriments- Modeling Aggression (shows how children are modeled by watching someone else puching and acting violent towards the doll)

Observational learning-ANTISOCIAL EFFECTS

Imitation and Desensitization

how are we affected by repeated exposure to violent programs?

Correltional studies indicate:

when a tv show is introduced a hight percent of homicide rate grew.

elementary schoolchildren with heavy exposure to media violence also tend to get into more fights.

1. Imitation- sevenfold increase in violent play immediately after children had viewed "power rangers" (threw flying karate kicks at each other)

2. Desensitization- adult males who spent three evenings watching sexually violent movies became progressively less bothered by the violence: compared with those in the control group, they expressed less sympathy for domestic violence and rated the victims injuries as less severe.