Term
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Definition
| scientific study of human behavior |
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Term
| Most psychologists work in _______ or _______. There are two kinds of psychologists... _______ & ________ |
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Definition
schools or hospitals,
research and field psychologists |
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Term
| A theory is the _______ framework for scientific testing |
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Definition
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Term
| There are two divisions of psychology: _________ and _________ psychology. _________ psychology consists of those who study the origin, cause, and effect of certain behaviors. _________ psychology consists of those who deal directly with client, and directly use findings of other psychologists to treat their patients. |
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Definition
Applied and Research psychology,
research,
applied |
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Term
| Charles Darwin's effect on psychology was his belief that _______ are not so different from men, and from that he inspired ________ on animals |
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Definition
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Term
| Wilhem _______ was the first man to create a labrotory for studying ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Sigmund Freud developed one of the first comprehensive ____________ theories |
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Definition
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Term
| William ______ created the first psychology textbook |
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Definition
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Term
| John B. Watson is known for helping to develop "_________" |
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Definition
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Term
"PRESENT PSYCHOLOGY METHODS"
("Approaches to Psychology", followed by everything else) |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ approach emphasizes on how humans use mental processes to handle ________ or develop certain _______. It's positive aspects are that it ___ the most popular method of psychology, and that it allows one to take information from the ______ to analyze so that info. can be used to solve problems |
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Definition
The Cognitive approach,
problems,
character traits,
IS,
environment |
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Term
| The ___________ approach is the view that behavior is influenced by _________ groups. A positive aspect of this is that it affects ________, while it can be considered bad because it can be difficult to view those from a different _________ and remain accurate |
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Definition
The Sociocultural approach,
social/cultural groups,
everybody,
culture |
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Term
| The ____________ approach is the belief that everyone is purely good and is capable to help _________. Positive aspects of this are that we are in control of our _________, and ____________ is emphasized. However, a negative aspect to this is the truth in that no one is really _______ |
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Definition
The Humanistic approach,
themselves,
destiny,
personal growth,
perfect |
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Term
| The __________ approach is the viewing of behavior as the result of ________ and the _________ system. A positive aspect of this is that it goes _______ into the _______, however negative aspects of this are that it can be very __________, and it ignores ________. |
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Definition
The Neurobiological Approach,
biology and the nervous system,
deep into the brain,
one-sided,
emotions |
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Term
| The ____________ approach is the viewing of the individual as the product of ______________ forces. A positive aspect of this approach is that is is based on our __________, however negative aspects of it is that it is too __________ and has to be combined with other ________ |
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Definition
The Psychoanalysis approach,
unconcious forces,
hidden impulses,
pessimistic,
methods |
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Term
| The ___________ approach is believing that we are products of _________ and ________ from our past. Positive aspects of this are that it can be used to help overcome _________________, however negative aspects of it are that it can promote attention for the ________, and it doesn't involve __________. |
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Definition
The Behavioral Approach,
rewards and punishments,
peer pressure,
wrong reasons,
free-will |
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Term
| In tern,s of "handiness" (AKA hand _________), if the left brain is dominate you'll be right handed and vice versa. |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of the right hemisphere of the brain include _______ reasoning, which involves music, art, and emotions. The functions of the left hemisphere include ______,______,_______, and _______. |
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Definition
spatial,
logic, speech, language, and writing |
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Term
| The function of the R.A.S. is to regulate the ________ of our body so we stay _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurons send messages to each other by having their ________ receive information from other nerve cells and send it to the end of the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are three neurotransmitter types: The ACEtylcholine type regulates _________. The ENDorphin type relieves _____ and increases our sense of wellbeing. The DOPamine helps to control our __________. |
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Definition
body function,
pain,
movements |
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Term
| The male sex hormone is _________, while the female sex hormone is __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The Endocrine system is the system that regulates our ___________. There are four glands that make up the endocrine system: The ________, the __________ gland, the ___________ gland, and the ____________. |
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Definition
hormones,
thyroid,
adrenal gland,
pituitary gland,
gonads |
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Term
| The thyroid gland controls our _______. The adrenal gland controls _________ so we can prepare for important activities.The pituitary gland activates other _______ and controls our _________. The gonads make __________ for reproduction. |
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Definition
metabolism,
excitement,
glands, height,
sperm/eggs |
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Term
| The Frontal Lobe is the division of the brain that contains the _________ and controls higher level _________, our _________, and ______________. |
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Definition
motor strip,
thinking,
personality,
decision making |
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Term
| The motor strip is the band running down the side of the __________ that controls all of our _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The sensory strip is the band running down the _________ that registers all ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The pareital lobe is the division of the brain that coordinates with the ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The thalamus is the portion of the lower brain that functions as a relay for the _________ the brain sends to the body |
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Definition
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Term
| The hypothalamus is the portion of the lower brain that regulates our _________ and _______ such as fear, pleasure, rage, and sexuality |
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Definition
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Term
| The occipital lobe is the back part of our brain that controls our _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| The cerebellum is the part of the brain that organizes our ________, _________, and __________ |
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Definition
| coordination, balance, and accuracy |
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Term
| The temperal lobe controls our ________ and __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The fissure is the length indent marking off the different _______ of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| The corpus collosum is a large number of ________ that transfer info. from one side of the brain to the other |
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Definition
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Term
| Conditioning is making an _________ between two different things by ___________ |
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Definition
association,
repeated exposure |
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Term
| ___________ is famous fo his dog experiment. The original goal was to understand the digestive system, but it ended with Pavlov proving that food doesn't need to travel through the mouth to reach the ______ and be to digested. |
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Definition
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Term
| An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that __________ causes a reaction. An unconditioned response is an automatic reaction to a ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| A conditioned stimulus is a once ________ stimulus that is now associating with a ________ stimulus. A conditioned responce is a reaction to a stimulus that is formed from _________________. |
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Definition
neutral,
natural,
learned information |
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Term
There are four steps in classical conditioning:
1) Start with a stimulus (______) and response (_______) pair
2) Due to how no ________ conditions are needed for the S-R to occur, the _________ and ___________ are created naturally.
3) When the S-R association takes place over ______, the experimenter becomes the ____________
4)The subject eventually reacts to the _______, causing the _________ |
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Definition
cause,
effect,
special,
unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response,
time,
conditioned stimulus,
conditioned stimulus,
conditioned response |
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Term
| Extinction is the __________ loss of an association over time |
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Definition
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Term
| John Watson helped to develop _________ conditioning. He did so by using his lab rats to experiment with a child ("The _____________ experiment") to see if he could make the child afraid of rats that he once loved. A stimulus __________ was formed (a response to one specific stimulus spreading to another), making the child afraid of rats |
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Definition
emotional conditioning,
The Little Timmy experiment,
generalization, |
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Term
| Mary Cover Jones aided to the development of emotional conditioning by exploring if she could undo the effects of a negative stimulus generalization. She was able to do this by offering __________ to the person she was trying to change, in order to create a positive stimulus generalization |
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Definition
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Term
| B.F. Skinner was a famous psychologist associated with ______ conditioning. He believed that who we become is due to what we learn from ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is something that allows a response while increasing the tendency to do so |
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Definition
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Term
| Positive reinforcement strengthens the tendency to do something by ______ something, while negative reinforcement does the same but by rather ________. |
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Definition
adding,
taking something away |
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Term
| Punishment is the effect of weakening a response by following it with ___________. Discrimination is learning to tell the difference between one _______ and another |
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Definition
unpleasant consequences,
event/object |
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Term
| Shaping is the process of gradually ________ a response by successfully reinforcing _________ approximations to it. Chaining is reinforcing a _________ between two parts of a sequence |
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Definition
refining,
closer,
connection |
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Term
| Continuous reinforcement is not a successful way to reinforce something because if there is no ________, then the wanted response will not occur |
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Definition
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Term
| There are four schedules of reinforcement. Name each of them, and when/how they occur |
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Definition
Variable Ratio: Reinforcement that occurs after a changing number of times a certain response occurs
Fixed Ratio: Reinforcement that occurs after a constant number of times a certain response occurs,
Variable Interval: Reinforcement that occurs after changing amounts of time after a desired response occurs,
Fixed Interval; Reinforcement that occurs after a constant amount of time a certain response occurs |
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Term
| Albert Bandura believed that S-R pairs are our "___________" that analyzes events and makes descisions before the reponse |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ behavior are patterns of behavior adopted after observing and imitating the behavior of others |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ learning is learning based on ______ mental process and previous knowledge |
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Definition
Cognitive learning,
abstract |
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Term
| Psychoanalysis is the theory that our ____________ is based on _________ and _____ provided by our subconcious |
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Definition
personality,
impulses and needs |
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Term
| _____________ first determined our unconcious, the belief that the psychological part of us contains _______________ is still within us and affects our behavior. Frued believed in ____________, which was the belief that we act only to fulfill bodily needs (similar to animals ((food, comfort, sex)). |
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Definition
Sigmund Frued,
childhood conflicts,
human-animal similarity, |
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Term
| Our ________ is our internal energy that is always seeking an outlet. Our ____ is a person's basic needs and drives. Our ________ is our concious/morals. Our _____ is the "self" we create that the outside world sees, which is a combination of everything. |
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Definition
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Term
There are four other impt. psychologists to know (NOTE what each believed created conflict):
1) Alfred Adler felt that insecure people felt that way because they were __________ in social situations, creating conflict
2) Karen Horney believed that lace of ________ created human conflict.
3) Albert Bandurn believed we always ______ ourselves by imitating others, creating conflict
4) Carl Jung believed in a ____________, (the part of a person that has the same ideas as the entire world) and the individual _________ (inherited human concepts) each of us fulfill. He thought that fake personalities, __________, that were meant to hide true personalities created human conflict. |
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Definition
uncomfortable,
love/affection,
model,
collective unconcious,
archetypes,
personas |
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Term
There are five impt. leanring tricks to consider:
1) _________ is putting things into chunks in order to study them in groups (ex.Events that occurred under certain presidents)
2) ____________ are unusual associations made to materials (ex. ROY G. BIV = color spectrum)
3) __________ is attaching a max # of concepts to a basic concept to better learn the harder concepts (ex. FOIL)
4) __________ is repeating a concept over and over (ex. flashcards)
5) __________ is examining the overall view of material to be learned in it's better organization (ex. a timeline) |
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Definition
Chunking,
Mneumic Devices,
Elaboration,
Repetition
Principle Learning, |
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Term
| The basic idea behind _______'s theory of cognitive development is that based on age groups, the brain grows to understand and do more in the world |
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Definition
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Term
In Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Theory, each of the four stages has distinctive properties:
1. Sensorimotor Stage - _________ is developed, and there is no _________ yet, so objects they make connections to have no lasting concern
2. Preoperational Stage - The child is self-centered. Hasn't learned ________, which is the ability to understand the ability for relationships to change. They also don't understand __________, meaning they don't understand you can change characteristics of something
3. Concrete Operations Stage - The child has gained object permanence, conservation, and reversability
4. Formal Operations - *It is believed that some people __________ this stage b/c they were unable to maintain focus and concern. The person gains an ability to comprehend highly ________ thoughts |
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Definition
motor/sensory skills develop,
object permanence,
reversability,
conservation,
never reach this stage,
symbolic |
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Term
| Abraham Maslow developed the ___________, which is a system that ranks certain needs above the others. At the bottom are our __________ needs, such as hunger or thirst. Above that are our ___________ needs, such as shelter and money. Above that are our _________ needs, such as love and friendship. Above that are our _________ needs, such as loving and respecting yourself. At the top of our needs are our ___________ needs, which are our need to establish meaningful goals and a purpose in life. |
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Definition
heirarchy of needs,
psychological needs,
safety needs,
belonging needs,
self-esteem needs,
self-actualization needs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process of how we assemble and organize info. to make it meaningful |
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Term
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Definition
| Light as it originates from the sun or bulb before it is broken into different frequencies |
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Term
| ________ rays move to fast for us to see, while __________rays move too slow for us to see. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| clear outer layer covering the eye |
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Term
| The iris is a _______ that helps to control the amount of __________ |
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Definition
circular muscle,
light getting into the eye by widening/shrinking |
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Term
| Lens are the part of the eye that... |
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Definition
| focuses on a single object |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The retina is the ________ that contains millions of _____ for light |
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Definition
back of the eye,
receptors |
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Term
| The blind spot is the portion of the _____ through which the optic nerve exits and where no receptors are located to receive ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Rods are visual receptors most sensetive to ________ wavelengths. They help us to see __________ |
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Definition
violet/purple,
black and white |
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Term
| Cones are receptors that respond to the _____, and help us to see _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Color blindness is the inability to perceive certain colors, commonly ____ or ______. Truly colorblind people are that way because they respond to light only with _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Afterimages (flag on paper) result from the remaining "unused" ______ firing so that all the _____ can restore themselves to equal _________ |
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Definition
cones,
cones,
chemical levels |
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Term
| Size constancy is the ability to... |
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Definition
| retain the size of a shape regardless of location |
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Term
| Color Constancy is the ability to... |
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Definition
| perceive an object as the same color regardless of the environment |
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Term
| Our depth perception is our ability to... |
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Definition
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Term
| Self motion is ___________, while object motion is ________ |
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Definition
moving in reference to the environment,
having the environment move in reference to us |
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Term
| Perceptual Constancy is the ability for our minds to _________ steady in our brains |
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Definition
| hold info. from the environment steady |
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Term
| Subliminal perception is __________ presented below the level of conciousness |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
This is an explanation of how we view something. FILL IN THE BLANKS:
To see the object, you receive a ______. You use your ____ to make sense of it. Your eye then gets ______ and breaks it down into the __________. _____ allow us to see black and white, while ______ allows us to see colors. The light goes through the _______ and is controlled by the ______, which receives the light and sends a message through the _______ telling the brain what it is seeing. |
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Definition
sensation,
perception,
white light,
color spectrum,
rods,
cones,
cornea,
retina,
optical nerve |
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