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Ch.4 Vocab
ch 4 vocab
33
Biology
9th Grade
11/27/2011

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Term
Cell
Definition
in biology, the smallest unit that can perform all life processes; cells are covered by a membrane and contain DNA and cytoplasm
Term
Cell Theory
Definition
the theory that states that all living things are made up of cells, that cells are the basic units of organisms, that each cell in a multicellular organism has a specific job, and that cells come only from existing cells
Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition
a phospholipid layer that covers a cell’s surface and acts as a barrier between the inside of a cell and the cell’s environment
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
the region of the cell within the membrane that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles except the nucleus
Term
Cytosol
Definition
the soluble portion of the cytoplasm, which includes molecules and small particles, such as ribosomes, but not the organelles covered with membranes
Term
Nucleus
Definition
in physical science, an atom's central region, which is made up of protons and neutrons
Term
Prokaryote
Definition
a single-celled organism that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; examples are archaea and bacteria
Term
Eukaryote
Definition
an organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane, multiple chromosomes, and a mitotic cycle; eukaryotes include protists, animals, plants, and fungi but not archaea or bacteria
Term
Organelle
Definition
one of the small bodies that are found in the cytoplasm of a cell and that are specialized to perform a specific function
Term
Tissue
Definition
a group of similar cells that perform a common function
Term
Organ
Definition
a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
Term
Organ System
Definition
a group of organs that work together to perform body functions
Term
Phospholipid Bilayer
Definition
When phospholipids line up so that their heads point outward towards the water and their tails point inward away from the water; making a double layer
Term
Chromosome
Definition
in a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA
Term
Nuclear Envelope
Definition
the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
the part of the eukaryotic nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized
Term
Ribosome
Definition
a cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protein synthesis
Term
Mitochondrion
Definition
in eukaryotic cells, the cell organelle that is surrounded by two membranes and that is the site of cellular respiration, which produces ATP
Term
Endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
a system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition
a system of flattened membranous sacs
Term
Lysosome
Definition
a cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
the cytoplasmic network of protein filaments that plays an essential role in cell movement, shape, and division
Term
Microtublule
Definition
one of the small, tubular fibers composed of the protein tubulin that are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that compose the cytoskeleton, and that play a role in cell structure and movement
Term
Microfilament
Definition
a fiber found inside eukaryotic cells that is composed mainly of the protein actin and that has a role in cell structure and movement
Term
Cilium
Definition
a hairlike structure arranged in tightly packed rows that projects from the surface of some cells
Term
Flagellum
Definition
a long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move
Term
Centriole
Definition
an organelle that is active during mitosis
Term
Cell wall
Definition
a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell
Term
Central vacuole
Definition
a large cavity or sac that is found in plant cells or protozoans and that contains air or partially digested food
Term
Plastid
Definition
an organelle of plant cells that contains specific substances and performs specific functions for the cell
Term
Chloroplast
Definition
an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
Term
Thylakoid
Definition
a membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the components for photosynthesis
Term
Chlorophyll
Definition
a green pigment that is present in most plant cells, that gives plants their characteristic green color, and that reacts with sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to form carbohydrates
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