Term
| When we talk about a plant maturing, we use the term _________ _________, which inclues _________ __________. A particular node's __________ is permanent---a juvenile area will always be that way. |
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Definition
phase change
adding structures
phase |
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Term
| A pine is an example of a __________, a plant that ___ _____ _____. |
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Definition
gymnosperm, has "naked" seeds
A pine is an example of a __________, a plant that ___ _____ _____.
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Term
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Definition
| grow, seed, and die in the span of 1 year |
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Term
| Name the 3 pathways by which plans flower: |
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Definition
1 light-dependent
2 temperature dependent
3 autonomous (pre-programmed & not dependent on environmental factors) |
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Term
| If a plant follows the autonomous flowering pathway, it's flowering is inhibited/determined by ___________. It's floral determination is: |
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Definition
| the ROOTS, a specific POINT in the plants DEVELOPMENT (i.e. attains 40 nodes) when the shoots are committed to flower. |
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Term
| Plants whose flowering depends on light (or really the period of ________ __________) can be (3 possibilities & example). One of the main molecules that detect the light is called __________. |
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Definition
continual darkness
1 long day (flower in summer (if away from the equator))
2 short day plants (flower in spring/fall, wildflowers)
3 day-neutral (beans, weeds)
phytochrome |
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Term
| In the alternation of generations, diploid sporophytes produce haploid spores via _______. These spores undergo _______ to produce multicellular _____________. Some of these differentiate into _______. The processes of ________ and _____________ form the transitions between sporophyte and gametophyte life stages and link them in a cycle. |
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Definition
| In the alternation of generations, diploid sporophytes produce haploid spores via MEIOSIS. These spores undergo MITOSIS to produce multicellular GAMETOPHYTES. Some of these differentiate into GAMETES. The processes of MEIOSIS and FERTILIZATION form the transitions between sporophyte and gametophyte life stages and link them in a cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| period of cold required for plant to flower |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in reproductive cells from diploid to haploid, leading to the production of gametes in animals and spores in plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| plants with both male and female structures on same plant. "one house" |
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Term
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Definition
| "two houses" plants with male and female structures on different plants |
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Term
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Definition
| when stamens and pistols on the same flower mature at different times, limiting self-pollination |
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Term
| During meiosis, the process of making eggs & sperm, the __________ are shuffled, supporting _____________ in self-pollination. |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 advantages of self-pollination |
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Definition
1 helps retain advantageous traits
2 spend less energy attracting pollinators
3 balance of diversity (sexual) and numbers (asexual)
4 can grow where pollinators don't live (new niches) |
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Term
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Definition
| The gamete-producing phase in a plant characterized by alternation of generations. |
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Term
| In angiosperms, the _________ lives inside the __________, the form we recognize as the plant. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the male gametophyte, while the __________ ___________ is the female gametophyte. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is cutting in half, while _________ is copying. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 Steps of Male Gamete Production |
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Definition
1 microspore mother cells form 4 haploid microspores via meiosis
2 microspores divide by mitosis into pollen grains
3 pollen grains produce sperm cells |
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Term
| Differences in female and male gamete production |
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Definition
| meiosis in ovule (not anther) creates 4 megaspores (not microspores) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 sperm fertilizes egg & 1 used to form endosperm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
4 basic flower organs, called ________ are
1
2
3
4
If a flower lacks one or more of these organs, it's called ________ |
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Definition
whorls
1 stamen
2 pistil
3 petals
4 sepals
incomplete |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The seed, which contains ______, ______, and _______ will _________ when water and O2 reach the _________. Seeds disperse via __________. |
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Definition
| embryo, cotyledons, and the endosperm, germinate, embryo, fruit |
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Term
| What is a simple fruit? List the 3 types and examples |
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Definition
Simple fruits form from ONE ovary
there are 3 types:
fleshy (w 3 subtypes)--melon, walnuts, apples
dry dehiscent--split when ripe (peanuts)
dry indehiscent--do not split (maple) |
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Term
List the 3 types of simple fleshy fruit, and exmples |
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Definition
- pome's--few seeds at core: apple, pear
- berry--many seeds: tomatoes, melons
- drupe--large pit: cherries, walnut, coconut
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Term
| List the types and examples of complex fruit |
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Definition
- aggregate--form from 1 flower: raspberries, strawberries
- multiple--form from separate flowers: pineapples
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Term
| Germination in eudicots vs monocots |
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Definition
| in eudicots, the hypocotyl (structure between root and seed coat) bends and emerges first, while in monocots, the coleoptile (sheath protecting embryonic shoot) pushes up through soil |
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Term
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Definition
| asexual production of clone seeds |
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Term
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Definition
reproduction without seeds:
runners, cuttings, layering, grafting |
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Term
| In grafting _______ (the cutting from the fruiting plant), and the ________ (cutting from the root system are connected |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ grow, flower, seed and die in two years, whereas _______ grow year after year and include _________ where the leaves fall all once and ________ where the leaves shed throughout the year. |
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Definition
| biennials, perennials, deciduous, evergreens |
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Term
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Definition
| process of shedding leaves or petals saves energy and corresponds with breakdown of chlorophyl |
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Term
| During most of life, plant produces __________ to inhibit aging. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gametophytes develop from ______. |
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Definition
| Gametophytes develop from MICROSPORES. |
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Term
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Definition
| a red and far-red light detector |
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