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| people's tendency to be overconfident about whether they could have a predicted a given outcome |
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| a prediction about what will happen under particular circumstances |
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| a body of related propositions intended to describe some aspect of the world |
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| looking at a phenomenon in some reasonably systematic way with a view to understanding what is going on and coming up with hypotheses about why things are happening as they are |
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research by looking at archives of various kinds including:
- record books
- police reports
- sports statistics
- newspaper articles
- and databases w/ethnographic descriptions of diff cultures |
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Data collection that involves asking people questions
- can either interviews or questionnaires |
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| A sampling method in which everyone in the population has an equal chance of being chosen |
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a sample taken from an available subgroup in the population
- is not random
- may be biased in some way |
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research that does not involve random assignment to situations, or conditions
- psychologists conduct this research just to see if there is a relationship between the variables |
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| In social psychology, research that randomly assigns people to different conditions, or situations, and that enables researchers to make strong inferences about how these conditions affect people's behavior |
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| When variable 1 is assumed to cause variable 2, yet the opposite direction of causation may be the case |
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| When variable 1 does not cause variable 2, and variable 2 does not cause variable 1, but rather some other variable exerts a causal influence on both |
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| a problem that arises when the participant rather than the investigator selects his or her level on each variable, bringing with this value unknown other properties that make causal interpretation of a relationship difficult |
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| a study conducted over a long period of time with the same population, which is periodically assessed regarding a particular behavior |
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| In experimental research, the variable that is manipulated; it is hypothesized to be the cause of a particular outcome |
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| In experimental research, the variable that is measured (as opposed to manipulated); it is hypothesized to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable |
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| Assigning participants in experimental research to different groups randomly, such that they are as likely to be assigned to one condition as to another |
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| a condition comparable to the experimental condition in every way except that it lacks the one ingredient hypothesized to produce the expected effect on the dependent variable |
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| naturally occurring events or phenomena having somewhat different conditions that can be compared with almost as much rigor as in experiments where the investigator manipulates the conditions |
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| experiment set up in the real world, usually with participants who are not aware that they are in a study of any kind |
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| an experimental set-up that closely resembles real-life situations so that results can safely be generalized to such situations |
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| In experimental research, confidence that only the manipulated variable could have produced the results |
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In preliminary versions of the experiment, asking participants straightforwardly if they understood the instructions, found the set up to be reasonable, and so forth.
In later versions, debriefings are used to educate participants about the questions being studied |
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| the degree to which the particular way that researchers measure a given variable is likely to yield consistent results |
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| the correlation between some measure and some outcome that the measure is supposed to predict |
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| a measure of the probability that a given result could have occurred by chance |
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| science concerned with trying to understand some phenomenon in its own right, with a view toward using that understanding to build valid theories about the nature of some aspect of the world |
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| science concerned with solving some real-world problem of importance |
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| an effort to change people's behavior |
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| Institutional review board (IRB) |
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| a university committee that examines research proposals and makes judgments about the ethical appropriateness of the research |
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| participants' willingness to participate in a procedure or research study after learning all relevant aspects about the procedure or study |
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| research in which participants are misled about the purpose of the research or the meaning of something that is done to them |
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