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| A polymer in most bacterial cell walls composed of modified sugars crosslinked by short polypeptides |
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| Baceteria that have simpler walls with relatively large amounts of peptidoglycan |
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| Bacteria that have less peptidoglycan and are strucurally more complex |
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| The sticky layer of polysaccharides and proteins that surround some prokaryotes, especially bacteria |
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| Hairlike appendages that prokaryotes use to stick to their substrate or one another |
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Appendeges that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to another
Typically longer and less numerous than fimbriae |
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Where prokaryotes store chromosomes, since they lack a nucleus
A region of the cytoplasm that appears lighter than the surrounding cytoplasm in electron micrographs |
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| A genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosome, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium |
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| A resistant asexual spore that develops inside some bacteria cells |
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| A process in which the genotype and possibly phenotype of a prokaryotic cell is altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings |
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| a process in which phages cary prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another |
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| A process in which DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells that are termprrily joined |
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An organism, especially a fungus or bacterium, that grows on and derives its nourishment from dead or decaying organic matter
Excreet digestive enzymes onto organic material, breaking it down and absorbing the nutrients that are released
No stomach |
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| a symbiotic (generally mutualistic, but occasionally weakly pathogenic) association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant |
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| a non-mutual relationship between organisms of different species where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host |
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| A network of tiny filaments that form the bodies of most fungi |
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| The material that stregthens the cell walls of fungi |
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The interwoven mass formed by a fungi's hyphae
The structure of the mycelium maximizes surface to volume ratio
Just 1 cubic cm of soil can contain as much as 1 km of mycelium |
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A stage in the sexual reproduction of some fungi
the cytoplasm of two parent mycelia fuse together without the fusion of nuclei
After plasmogamy occurs, the secondary mycelium forms. The secondary mycelium consists of dikaryotic cells, one nucleus from each of the parent mycelia. It is the fusion of protoplasm between two motile or non-motile gametes. It involves the union of two protoplast bringing two haploid nuclei close together in the same cell.
[image] |
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| The crosswals that seperate the cells of the hyphae |
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| A body of fungal cytoplasm that contains several nuclei enclosed in a single membrane |
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| Specialized hyphae in some species of fungi that are used to extract and/or exchange nutrients with their plant hosts |
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Mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots
(means "fungus roots) |
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| A type of fungi that forms sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a root and typically grows into the extracellular space of the root cortex[image] |
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| Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi |
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A type of fungi that extends branching hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell plasma membrane
[image] |
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A minute, typically one-celled reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion
Characteristic of lower plants, fungi, and protozoans |
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| Generalized Life Cycle of Fungi |
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| The union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia |
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A type of fungi that reproduce asexually by growing filamenteous fungi that produce haploid spores by mitosis
Mycelia is visible
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| A spore of vertain fungi capable of swimming by means of flagellum |
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A class of fungi that are ubiquitos in lakes and soil
Some are decomposers, while others are parasites of protists |
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A class of fungi that includes mold that grows rapidly on bread and other food products
May act as a decomposer or parasite, depending on if the food is alive |
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| one of seven currently recognized phyla within the kingdom Fungi,[3] with approximately 230 described species.[4] Members of the Glomeromycota form arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs) with the roots or thalli (e.g. in bryophytes) of land plants. |
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AKA "sac" fungi
The defining feature of this fungal group is the "ascus" (from Greek: ἀσκός (askos), meaning "sac" or "wineskin"), a microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores, are formed. [image] |
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filamentous fungi composed of hyphae (except for yeasts), and reproducing sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external meiospores (usually four).
Stereotypical mushrooms
Name derived from phylum name basidium which means little pedestal
include these groups: mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, other polypores, jelly fungi, boletes,
chanterelles, earth stars, smuts, bunts, rusts, mirror yeasts, and the human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus
[image] |
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the fusion of pronuclei of two cells, as part of syngamy, fertilization, or true bacterial conjugation.
It is one of the two major modes of reproduction in fungi. In fungi that lack sexual cycles, it is an important source of genetic variation through the formation of somatic diploids.
[image] |
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Asexual spores created by ascomycetes to reproduce
Are not formed inside sporangia, rather are produced externally at the tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores |
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Elaborate fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes
Ex: White mushrooms purchased at supermarket |
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