Term
| When were cells first described and by whom? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 components of the cell theory? |
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Definition
cells are the structural "building blocks" of all plants and animals
cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells
cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions |
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Term
| transmission electron microscopy |
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Definition
electrons penetrate ultra thin section of tissue to strike a photographic plate
shows fine structure of plasmalemma and intracellular structures |
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Term
| scanning electron microscopy |
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Definition
electrons bounce off of exposed surfaces that have been coated with a gold-carbon film
provides 3D perspective |
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Term
| What is the composition and function of the plasmalemma? |
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Definition
lipid bilayer (contains phospholipids, steroids, proteins and carbs)
isolation, protection, sensitivity, support, control of extrance/exit of materials |
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Term
| What is the composition and function of the cytosol? |
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Definition
fluid component of the cytoplasm (may contain inclusions of insoluble material)
distributes materials by diffusion, stores glycogen, pigments, and other materials |
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Term
| Name the 5 nonmembranous organelles. |
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Definition
ribosomes
microvilli
cilia
flagella
cytoskeleton |
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Term
| Name the 6 membranous organelles. |
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Definition
mitochondria
nucleus
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
lysosome
peroxisome |
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Term
| What is the composition and function of the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
membrane extensions containing microfilaments
increases surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials |
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Term
| What is the composition and function of the microvilli? |
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Definition
membrane extensions containing microtubule doubles in 9 + 2 array
move materials over cell surface |
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Term
| What are the 2 general types of membrane proteins? |
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Definition
peripheral proteins
integral proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane proteins that are attached either to the inner or the outer membrane surface |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane proteins embedded in the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| integral proteins that span the width of the membrane 1 or more times |
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Term
| Passive vs active processes |
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Definition
passive move ions or molecules across plasmalemma with out using energy
active processes require that the cell draw on an energy source |
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Term
| What are the 3 passive processes? |
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Definition
| diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion |
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Term
| What are the only 2 ways for an ion or molecule to DIFFUSE across a membrane? |
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Definition
| through a channel or else by being lipid soluble |
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Term
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Definition
| essential nutrients such as glucose and amino acids are passively transported across the membrane by special carrier proteins |
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Term
| Why are active processes necessary? |
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Definition
| to transport materials against the concentration gradient |
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Term
| What are the 2 active processes? |
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Definition
active transport
endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized mechanisms that move one specific cation or anion in one direction, either into or out of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized mechanism that moves one ion in one direction while the other ion is moved in the other direction |
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Term
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Definition
| packaging of extracellular materials into a vesicle at the cell surface for importation into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
"cell drinking"
deep groove forms in membrane, pinches off, and materials diffuse from liquid into cell, then membrane returns to surface |
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Term
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Definition
"cell eating"
pseudopodia surround object, vesicle is formed, and contents are digested by lysosome
only in the immune system |
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Term
| receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
produces coated vesicles with a target molecule in very high concentration
target material=ligand, bound to receptors on surface |
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Term
| What are the 4 major components of the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
thick filiments
microtubules |
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Term
| What is the composition and function of centrioles? |
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Definition
9 groups of microtubule triplets to form a short cylinder, 9 + 0 array
organizes microtubules in the spindle to move chromosomes during cell division |
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Term
| What is the composition and function of cilia? |
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Definition
9 groups of long microtubule doublets to form a cylinder around a central pair, 9 + 2 array
propels fluids or solids across cell surface |
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Term
| What is the composition and function of flagella? |
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Definition
9 groups of microtubule doublets around central pair, 9 + 2 array
longer than cilia
whip-like motion |
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Term
| 2 types of ribosome and function of each: |
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Definition
fixed-proteins manufactured directly enter cytosol
wandering-proteins attach to ER and enter lumen to be packaged and processed |
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Term
|
Definition
double membrane
cristae (inner membrane)
manufacture ATP
not in RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
control center of cell
double membrane
control what proteins are synthesized and in what amounts |
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Term
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Definition
can be rough or smooth
have chambers called cisternae
4 functions: synthesis, storage, transport, detox |
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Term
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Definition
| ribosomes attached, modify proteins synthesized |
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Term
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Definition
no ribosomes associated
synthesize lipids, steroids, and carbs
store calcium ions
remove and inactivate toxins |
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Term
|
Definition
consists of flattened discs called cisternae
functions: synthesize secretions, package special enzymes, and renew/modify plasmalemma |
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Term
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Definition
vesicle produced within the Golgi, never leave cytoplasm
contain digestive enzymes |
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Term
|
Definition
smaller than lysosomes, formed by free ribosomes
absorb/break down fatty acids & other organic products
mostly in liver cells |
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Term
| cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) |
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Definition
| transmembrane proteins that bind to each other and to other extracellular materials |
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Term
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Definition
| thin layer of proteoglycans that hold together membranes of adjacent cells |
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Term
| 3 types of cell junctions: |
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Definition
tight
communicating
anchoring |
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Term
| tight junctions (occluding junction) |
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Definition
| lipid portions of the 2 plasmalemmae are bound together to seal off the the intercellular space between cells |
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Term
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Definition
| two cells are held together by interlocked membrane proteins that are channel proteins, so a narrow passageway is formed for communication |
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Term
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Definition
provides a mechanical linkage between 2 adjacent cells at their lateral or basal surfaces
accomplished by CAMs and proteoglycans |
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Term
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Definition
| part of cell life cycle in which the cell is performing all normal functions and preparing for division if necessary |
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Term
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Definition
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase |
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Term
|
Definition
| division of the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear division of somatic cells |
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