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Ch 1 Roots of Applied Behavior Analysis
Usefulness of explanations, developmental explanations, cognitive explanations, behavioral explanations, historical development of Behaviorism
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Education
Undergraduate 3
12/27/2018

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Term
Applied Behavior Analysis
Definition
Systematic application of behavioral principles to change socially significant behavior to a meaningful degree. Research tools enable users of these principles to verify a functional relationship between a behavior and an intervention.
Term
Usefulness of Explanations
Definition
  1. Inclusive (inclusiveness) - must account for a substantial quantity of behavior
  2. Verifiable (verifiability) - we should be able to test in some way that it does account for behavior
  3. Predictive utility - should provide reliable answers about what people are likely to do under certain circumstances, thereby giving the practitioner the opportunity to change behavior by changing conditions
  4. Parsimonious (parsimony) - the simplest explanation that will account for observed phenomena (does not guarantee correctness)
Term

Inclusivness

Definition
The explanation must account for a substantial quantity of behavior
Term
Verifiability
Definition
We should be able to test in some way that it does account for behavior
Term
Predictive Utility
Definition
The explanation should provide reliable answers about what people are likely to do under certain circumstances
Term
Parsimony
Definition
The simplest explanation that will account for observed phenomena
Term

Humors

Bodily Fluids

Definition
  1. Blood
  2. Phlegm
  3. Yellow Bile (Choler)
  4. Black Bile (Melancholy)
Term
Biophysical Explanations
Definition
Some theorists contend that human behavior is controlled by physical influences
Term
Genetic and Hereditary Effects
Definition
Genetic characteristics may increase the probability of certain behavioral characteristics
Term
Biochemical Explanations
Definition
Excesses or deficiencies of various substances (chemicals) found in the body
Term
Hyperkinetic Behavior Syndrome
Definition

Assumed to be the result of minimal brain dysfunction in persons with no history or brain injury.

Hyperactivity, distractibility, impulsivity, short attention span, emotional lability (changeability), perceptual problems, and clumsiness

ADD/ADHD

Term
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Definition

Caused by mothers smoking, illegal drug use, and pediatric AIDS

Term
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Definition

A hereditary disorder of metabolism

Placing infants on special diets can prevent intellectual disabilities associated with the disorder

Term
Developmental Explanations
Definition

· Some theorists attempt to explain mant aspects of behavior (cognitive, social, emotional, and moral) based on fixed innate developmental sequences

Intended to explain normal and deviant behavior

Term
Deviant
Definition
Other than the accepted normal
Term
Psychoanalytic Theory
Definition

Sigmund Freud

Normal and aberrant human behavior may be understood and explained on the bases of progression through certain crucial stages

  • Oral (dependent and aggressive)
  • Anal (expulsive and retentive)
  • Phallic (when gender awareness occurs)
  • Latency (if successful)
  • Genital (puberty)
Term

A Stage Theory of Cognitive Development

Definition

Jean Piaget

Certain forces, biologically determined, contribute to development. The forces are those enabling the organism to adapt to the environment

assimilation & accommodation

Term
Assimilation
Definition
The tendency to adapt to the environment to enhance personal functioning
Term
Accommodation
Definition
The tendency to change behavior to adapt to the environment
Term
Equilibration
Definition
The process of maintaining a balance between assimilation and accommodation
Term
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
Definition
  1. Sensory-motor (birth to 1 1/2 years)
  2. Preoperational (1 1/2 to 7 years)
  3. Concrete operations (7 to 11 years)
  4. Formal operations (12 years to adulthood)
Term
Cognitive Explanations
Definition

Max Wertheimer

Relationship among things perceived that was important rather than the things themselves

Term
Gestalt theory/psychology
Definition
Learning depends on one's one meaningful patterns and insights on information and that rote learning, even if it leads to correct solutions to problems, is less useful
Term
Cognitive Theory of Education
Definition

Emphasizes rearranging thought patterns and gaining insight as a basis for learning new academic and social behaviors

--> discovery learning

Term
Discovery Learning
Definition

Learning is explained on the basis of insight, pattern rearrangement, and intuitive leaps.

Teachers do not impart knowledge; they merely arrange the environment to facilitate learning

Term
Motivation
Definition
Presumed to occur as a result of innate needs that are met when organization is imposed on objects or events in the arrangement.
Term
Constructivism
Definition
This approach holds that teachers cannot provide knowledge to students; students must construct their own knowledge in their own minds
Term
Behavioral Explanations
Definition

Human behavior, both adaptive and maladaptive, is learned.

Learning occurs as a result of the consequences of behavior

Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition

The contingent presentation of a stimulus immediately following a response, which increases the future ratter probability of the response

SR1

Term
Behavior
Definition

Any observable and measurable act of an individual

(aka a response)

Term
Consequence
Definition
Any stimulus presented contingent on a particular response
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
The contingent removal of an aversive stimulus immediately following a response. This increases the future rate or probability of the response.
Term
Punishment
Definition
The contingent presentation of a stimulus immediately following a response, which decreases the future rate or probability of the response
Term
Punisher
Definition
A consequent stimulus that decreases the future rate or probability of the response.
Term
Extinction
Definition
Withholding reinforcement for a previously reinforced to reduce the occurrence of the behavior.
Term
Stimulus Control
Definition
The relation in which an antecedent causes behavior or serves as a cue for the behavior to occur. Repeated occurrences of the behavior depend on its being reinforced. An antecedent that serves as an appropriate cue for occasioning a response and therefore results in reinforcement is known as a discriminative stimulus (SD). An antecedent that does not serve as an appropriate cue for occasioning a response and therefore does not result in reinforcement is known as S-delta (SΔ)
Term
Antecedent Stimulus
Definition
A stimulus that precedes a behavior. This stimulus may or may not serve as discriminative for a specific behavior
Term
Setting Events (or establishing operations)
Definition
The circumstances in an individual's life, ranging from cultural influences to an uncomfortable environment, that temporarily alter the power of reinforcers
Term
Modeling
Definition
Demonstrating a desired behavior in order to prompt an imitative response
Term
Shaping
Definition

Teaching new behaviors through differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a specified target behavior

Term
Respondent (Classical) Conditioning
Definition

Ivan Pavlov

Paired food powder (which elicits salivation, an automatic reflex) with a tone that would normally have no effect on the dogs’ salivation

Term
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Definition
Food powder
Term
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Definition
Tone
Term
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Definition
Salivation to food powder
Term
Conditioned Response (CR)
Definition
Salivation to the tone
Term
Associationism
Definition

Edward Thorndike

Law of Effect & Law of Exercise

Term
Law of Effect
Definition

Any act which in a given situation produced satisfaction becomes associated with that situation, so that when the situation recurs the act is more likely than before to recur

Term
Law of Exercise
Definition

A response made in a particular situation becomes associated with the situation

stimulus control

Term
Behaviorism
Definition

John Watson

Conditioned a startle response in baby Albert by pairing a white rat (CS) with a loud noise (UCS)

Contended that all “emotional” responses were conditioned

Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition

B.F. Skinner

Deals with behaviors considered voluntary rather than reflexive

Behavior modification

Term
Behavior Modification
Definition

The use of early application of operant conditioning techniques to human beings was directed toward establishing that the principles governing animal behavior also govern human behavior

Term
Behavior
Definition
Any observable movement of a living thing
Term
Behavior...
Definition
  1. Any observable movement of a living thing
  2. Has one or more dimensions that can be measured
  3. Impacts environment
  4. Bound by laws (antecedents and consequences)
Term
Behavior Modification/ABA
Definition
Manipulating antecedents and consequences to change behavior
Term
Covert Behavior
Definition
Behavior that cannot be seen by others (e.g. thoughts, emotions, and attitudes)
Term
Socially Significant Behaviors include...
Definition
  • Social
  • Language
  • Academic
  • Daily living
  • Self care
  • Vocational
  • Leisure activities
Term
ABA is used for...
Definition
  • Autism
  • Animal training
  • Education
  • Business
  • Health & fitness
Term
Defining Characteristics of ABA
Definition

Field of psychology focused on analyzing and modifying human behavior and solving socially significant problems

Term
Characteristics of ABA
Definition
  • Analytic
  • Behavioral
  • Applied
  • Technological
  • Conceptually systematic
  • Effective
  • Generality
Term
Applied
Definition
Used to solve socially significant problems
Term
Behavioral
Definition

How is it possible to get someone to do something effectively?

What can the subject do?

Term
Analytic
Definition

Those applying procedures are taking data and analyzing to determine if the intervention is bringing about the desired changes

Term
Technological
Definition

Any individual can replicate the procedure and get the same result

Term
Conceptually Systematic
Definition

Procedures should be described in terms of the behavioral principles

Term
Efffective
Definition

Techniques must improve the behavior to a meaningful degree

Term
Generality
Definition

Behaviors must last over time, after the procedure

Term
Reinforcement
Definition
Event following behavior that increases its probability or rate of occurrence
Term
Punishment
Definition
Event following a behavior have decreases the behavior
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition

Addition of a positive stimuli

SR+

Ex: Praise

Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition

Removal of an aversive stimulus

SR-

Ex: Locking the door to avoid annoying children in AM

Term
Positive Punishment
Definition

Addition of an aversive stimulus

SP+

Ex: Shock

Term
Negative Punishment
Definition

Removal of a pleasant stimulus

SP-

Ex: Taking away TV time for the rest of the week

Term
Reinforcer
Definition

An event that follows behavior and increases some dimension of that behavior

Term

Behavioral Objective

Definition

A statement that communicates a purposed change in behavior. A behavioral objective must include statements concerning the learner, the behavior, the conditions under which the behavior will be performed, and the criteria for evaluation

Term
Pinpointing
Definition

Specifying in measurable, observable terms a behavior targeted for change

Term
Educational Goals
Definition

Statements providing the framework for planning an academic year or an entire unit of learning. They set estimated parameters of anticipated academic and social development for which educators are responsible (also called long-term objectives)

Term
Components of a Behavioral Objective
Definition

Identify learner

Identify the target behavior

Identify conditions of the intervention

Identify criteria for acceptable performance

Term
Operational Definition
Definition

Providing concrete examples of a target behavior. This minimizes disagreements among observers as to the behavior’s occurrence

Term
Acquisition
Definition

The basic level of student response competence. It implies the student’s ability to perform a newly learned response to some criterion of accuracy

Term
Fluency
Definition

The second level (after acquisition) of student competence. Fluency describes the rate at which students accurately perform a response

Term
Maintenance
Definition

The ability to perform a response over time, even after systematic applied behavior procedures have been withdrawn

Term
Overlearning
Definition

Providing students with more practice than is required for initial mastery

Term
Generalization
Definition

Expansion of a student’s capability of performance beyond those conditions set for initial acquisition. Stimulus generalization refers to performance under conditions – that is, cues, materials, trainers, and environments – other than those present during acquisition. Maintenance refers to continued performance of learned behavior after contingencies have been withdrawn. Response generalization refers to changes in behaviors similar to those directly treated

Term
Hierarchy of Levels of Learning
Definition

Knowledge

Comprehension

Application

Analysis

Synthesis

Evaluation

Term
Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
Definition

A written educational plan developed for every school-aged student eligible for special education services

Term
Response to Intervention (RTI)
Definition

Used to assist in distinguishing between a learning difficulty that simply requires supplemental instruction and a disability requiring special education services

3 Tiers

1) Provides school, grade, and/or class-wide practices acknowledged as basic to good instruction and behavior management

2) More targeted practices

3) Intervention is provided by special education and related professionals


Term
Lawful Behavior
Definition

Behavior that can be predicted by knowledge of antecedent events and a history of reinforcement

Term
Determinism
Definition

A philosophical belief that events, including human behavior, follow certain fixed patterns

Term
Humane
Definition

Marked by consideration for others. In education, providing a safe, comfortable environment, treating all individuals with respect, and providing effective interventions

Term
Social Validity
Definition

The importance of behaviors changed to the community; the acceptability of procedures to consumers

Term
Full Inclusion
Definition

In a general education classroom with peers of the same chronological age

Term
Informed Consent
Definition

A legal term meaning that the parents (or surrogates) and the student, if appropriate, have been fully informed, in their native language or other mode of communication, of all information relevant to the activity for which consent is sought and have agreed to the activity

Term
Voluntary Consent
Definition

Consent that is obtained without recourse to threats or rewards

Term
Accountability
Definition

In education, the assessment of students’ progress on a regular basis and the publication of this assessment, as well as goals, objectives, and procedures, to parents, school administrators, and other parties with a right to the information

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